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				<title>Mechanism of constant contractile efficiency under cooling inotropy of myocardium: simulationy</title>
				<author>
					<firstname>Geoffrey</firstname>
					<surname>Nunns</surname>
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						<shortaffil>Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland</shortaffil>
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				<title>Model Status</title>
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        This model is known to run in both OpenCell and COR. It is an accurate match to the paper equations but it does not recreate all the published results.   
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			<sect1 id="sec_structure">
				<title>Model Structure</title>
				<para>
Abstract: We have reported that, in canine hearts, cardiac cooling to 29C enhanced left ventricular contractility but changed neither the contractile efficiency of cross-bridge (CB) cycling nor the excitation-contraction coupling energy. The mechanism of this intriguing energetics remained unknown. To get insights into this mechanism, we simulated myocardial cooling mechanoenergetics using basic Ca2+ and CB kinetics. We assumed that both adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase)-dependent sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ uptake and CB detachment decelerated with cooling. We also assumed that all the ATPase-independent SR Ca2+ release, Ca2+ binding to and dissociation from troponin, and CB attachment remained unchanged. The simulated cooling shifted the CB force-free Ca2+ concentration curve to a lower Ca2+ concentration, increasing the Ca2+ responsiveness of CB force generation, and increased the maximum Ca2+-activated force. The simulation most importantly showed that these cooling effects combined led to a constant contractile efficiency when Ca2+ uptake and CB detachment rate constants changed appropriately. This result seems to account for our experimentally observed constant contractile efficiency under cooling inotropy.    
</para>

<para>
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<caption>Schematic diagram of the Mikane et al model. The effect of calcium and troponin on cross bridge (CB) cycling is also demonstrated.</caption>
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</para>

				<para>
The complete original paper reference is cited below:
</para>
				<para>
			Mechanism of constant contractile efficiency under cooling inotropy of myocardium: simulation, Takeshi Mikane, Junichi Araki, Kunihisa Kohno, Yasunori Nakayama, Shunsuke Suzuki, Juichiro Shimizu, Hiromi Matsubara, Masahisa Hirakawa, Miyako Takaki, and Hiroyuki Suga,  1997, <emphasis>American Journal of Physiology</emphasis>, 273, H2891-H2898. <ulink url="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;list_uids=9435629 &amp;dopt=Abstract">PubMed ID: 9435629  </ulink>
				</para>
				
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