Rendering of the source text

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<!--
This CellML file was generated on 18/06/2009 at 17:01:39 using:

COR (0.9.31.1279)
Copyright 2002-2009 Dr Alan Garny
http://COR.physiol.ox.ac.uk/ - COR@physiol.ox.ac.uk

CellML 1.0 was used to generate this model
http://www.CellML.org/
-->
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		<article>
			<articleinfo>
				<title>Synergism of coupled subsarcolemmal Ca2+ clocks and sarcolemmal voltage clocks confers robust and flexible pacemaker function in a novel pacemaker cell model</title>
				<author>
					<firstname>Catherine</firstname>
					<surname>Lloyd</surname>
					<affiliation>
						<shortaffil>Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland</shortaffil>
					</affiliation>
				</author>
			</articleinfo>
			<section id="sec_status">
				<title>Model Status</title>
				<para>
				This CellML model has been tested in OpenCell and COR and the units are balanced.  The model runs to recreate the published results.  This particular variant of the model uses the initial conditions from the author's original code to create a steady state model.
				</para>
			</section>
			<sect1 id="sec_structure">
				<title>Model Structure</title>
				<para>
ABSTRACT: Recent experimental studies have demonstrated that sinoatrial node cells (SANC) generate spontaneous, rhythmic, local subsarcolemmal Ca(2+) releases (Ca(2+) clock), which occur during late diastolic depolarization (DD) and interact with the classic sarcolemmal voltage oscillator (membrane clock) by activating Na(+)-Ca(2+) exchanger current (I(NCX)). This and other interactions between clocks, however, are not captured by existing essentially membrane-delimited cardiac pacemaker cell numerical models. Using wide-scale parametric analysis of classic formulations of membrane clock and Ca(2+) cycling, we have constructed and initially explored a prototype rabbit SANC model featuring both clocks. Our coupled oscillator system exhibits greater robustness and flexibility than membrane clock operating alone. Rhythmic spontaneous Ca(2+) releases of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)-based Ca(2+) clock ignite rhythmic action potentials via late DD I(NCX) over much broader ranges of membrane clock parameters [e.g., L-type Ca(2+) current (I(CaL)) and/or hyperpolarization-activated ("funny") current (I(f)) conductances]. The system Ca(2+) clock includes SR and sarcolemmal Ca(2+) fluxes, which optimize cell Ca(2+) balance to increase amplitudes of both SR Ca(2+) release and late DD I(NCX) as SR Ca(2+) pumping rate increases, resulting in a broad pacemaker rate modulation (1.8-4.6 Hz). In contrast, the rate modulation range via membrane clock parameters is substantially smaller when Ca(2+) clock is unchanged or lacking. When Ca(2+) clock is disabled, the system parametric space for fail-safe SANC operation considerably shrinks: without rhythmic late DD I(NCX) ignition signals membrane clock substantially slows, becomes dysrhythmic, or halts. In conclusion, the Ca(2+) clock is a new critical dimension in SANC function. A synergism of the coupled function of Ca(2+) and membrane clocks confers fail-safe SANC operation at greatly varying rates.
</para>
				<para>
The original paper reference is cited below:
</para>
				<para>
Synergism of coupled subsarcolemmal Ca2+ clocks and sarcolemmal voltage clocks confers robust and flexible pacemaker function in a novel pacemaker cell model, Victor A. Maltsev and Edward G. Lakatta, 2009, <emphasis>American Journal of Physiology</emphasis>, 286, H594-H615.  <ulink url="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;list_uids=19136600&amp;dopt=Abstract">PubMed ID: 19136600</ulink>
				</para>
				<informalfigure float="0" id="fig_cell_diagram">
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							<objectinfo>
								<title>reaction diagram</title>
							</objectinfo>
							<imagedata fileref="maltsev_2009.png"/>
						</imageobject>
					</mediaobject>
					<caption>Schematic diagram of the interacting Ca2+ clock and membrane clock in a model of rabbit sinoatrial node cells.</caption>
				</informalfigure>
			</sect1>
		</article>
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               <piece>
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               </piece>
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                  <ci>Vm</ci>
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         <apply>
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               <diff/>
               <bvar>
                  <ci>time</ci>
               </bvar>
               <ci>dL</ci>
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            <apply>
               <divide/>
               <apply>
                  <minus/>
                  <ci>dL_infinity</ci>
                  <ci>dL</ci>
               </apply>
               <ci>tau_dL</ci>
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         </apply>
      </math>
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      <variable name="fL_infinity" units="dimensionless"/>
      <variable name="tau_fL" units="millisecond"/>
      <variable name="Vm" units="millivolt" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="time" units="millisecond" public_interface="in"/>
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         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>fL_infinity</ci>
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               <divide/>
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                  <plus/>
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                           <plus/>
                           <ci>Vm</ci>
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                        <cn cellml:units="millivolt">7.3</cn>
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                  </apply>
               </apply>
            </apply>
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            <ci>tau_fL</ci>
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               <plus/>
               <cn cellml:units="millisecond">44.3</cn>
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                  <times/>
                  <cn cellml:units="millisecond">257.1</cn>
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                     <exp/>
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                        <minus/>
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                           <power/>
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                              <divide/>
                              <apply>
                                 <plus/>
                                 <ci>Vm</ci>
                                 <cn cellml:units="millivolt">32.5</cn>
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                              <cn cellml:units="millivolt">13.9</cn>
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               </apply>
            </apply>
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         <apply>
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               <diff/>
               <bvar>
                  <ci>time</ci>
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               <ci>fL</ci>
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            <apply>
               <divide/>
               <apply>
                  <minus/>
                  <ci>fL_infinity</ci>
                  <ci>fL</ci>
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               <ci>tau_fL</ci>
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         </apply>
      </math>
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   <component name="i_CaL_fCa_gate">
      <variable name="fCa" units="dimensionless" initial_value="0.711395919653" public_interface="out"/>
      <variable name="alpha_fCa" units="per_millisecond" initial_value="0.021"/>
      <variable name="fCa_infinity" units="dimensionless"/>
      <variable name="tau_fCa" units="millisecond"/>
      <variable name="Km_fCa" units="millimolar" initial_value="0.00035"/>
      <variable name="Vm" units="millivolt" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="Ca_sub" units="millimolar" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="time" units="millisecond" public_interface="in"/>
      <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>fCa_infinity</ci>
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               <divide/>
               <ci>Km_fCa</ci>
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                  <plus/>
                  <ci>Km_fCa</ci>
                  <ci>Ca_sub</ci>
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            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
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               <divide/>
               <ci>fCa_infinity</ci>
               <ci>alpha_fCa</ci>
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               <diff/>
               <bvar>
                  <ci>time</ci>
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               <ci>fCa</ci>
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            <apply>
               <divide/>
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                  <minus/>
                  <ci>fCa_infinity</ci>
                  <ci>fCa</ci>
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               <ci>tau_fCa</ci>
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         </apply>
      </math>
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   <component name="i_CaT">
      <variable name="i_CaT" units="picoA" public_interface="out"/>
      <variable name="g_CaT" units="nanoS_per_picoF" initial_value="0.1832"/>
      <variable name="E_CaT" units="millivolt" initial_value="45"/>
      <variable name="Cm" units="picoF" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="time" units="millisecond" public_interface="in" private_interface="out"/>
      <variable name="Vm" units="millivolt" public_interface="in" private_interface="out"/>
      <variable name="dT" units="dimensionless" private_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="fT" units="dimensionless" private_interface="in"/>
      <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>i_CaT</ci>
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               <times/>
               <ci>Cm</ci>
               <ci>g_CaT</ci>
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                  <minus/>
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                  <ci>E_CaT</ci>
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               <ci>dT</ci>
               <ci>fT</ci>
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         </apply>
      </math>
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      <variable name="dT_infinity" units="dimensionless"/>
      <variable name="tau_dT" units="millisecond"/>
      <variable name="Vm" units="millivolt" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="time" units="millisecond" public_interface="in"/>
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         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>dT_infinity</ci>
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               <divide/>
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                              <ci>Vm</ci>
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                        <cn cellml:units="millivolt">6</cn>
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            <ci>tau_dT</ci>
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               <cn cellml:units="millisecond">1</cn>
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                  <plus/>
                  <apply>
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                     <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1.068</cn>
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                        <exp/>
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                              <plus/>
                              <ci>Vm</ci>
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                           <cn cellml:units="millivolt">30</cn>
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                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1.068</cn>
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                        <exp/>
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                              <minus/>
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                                 <plus/>
                                 <ci>Vm</ci>
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                           <cn cellml:units="millivolt">30</cn>
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         <apply>
            <eq/>
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               <diff/>
               <bvar>
                  <ci>time</ci>
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               <divide/>
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                  <minus/>
                  <ci>dT_infinity</ci>
                  <ci>dT</ci>
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               <ci>tau_dT</ci>
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      <variable name="fT_infinity" units="dimensionless"/>
      <variable name="tau_fT" units="millisecond"/>
      <variable name="Vm" units="millivolt" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="time" units="millisecond" public_interface="in"/>
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         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>fT_infinity</ci>
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                           <ci>Vm</ci>
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                        <cn cellml:units="millivolt">5.6</cn>
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            <ci>tau_fT</ci>
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                     <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.0153</cn>
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                              <minus/>
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                                 <plus/>
                                 <ci>Vm</ci>
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                           <cn cellml:units="millivolt">83.3</cn>
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                  </apply>
                  <apply>
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                     <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.015</cn>
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                        <exp/>
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                           <divide/>
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                              <plus/>
                              <ci>Vm</ci>
                              <cn cellml:units="millivolt">61.7</cn>
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                           <cn cellml:units="millivolt">15.38</cn>
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               <diff/>
               <bvar>
                  <ci>time</ci>
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               <divide/>
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                  <minus/>
                  <ci>fT_infinity</ci>
                  <ci>fT</ci>
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               <ci>tau_fT</ci>
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         </apply>
      </math>
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   <component name="i_Kr">
      <variable name="i_Kr" units="picoA" public_interface="out"/>
      <variable name="g_Kr" units="nanoS_per_picoF" initial_value="0.08113973"/>
      <variable name="Cm" units="picoF" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="time" units="millisecond" public_interface="in" private_interface="out"/>
      <variable name="Vm" units="millivolt" public_interface="in" private_interface="out"/>
      <variable name="E_K" units="millivolt" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="paS" units="dimensionless" private_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="paF" units="dimensionless" private_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="pi_" units="dimensionless" private_interface="in"/>
      <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
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            <eq/>
            <ci>i_Kr</ci>
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               <times/>
               <ci>Cm</ci>
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                  <minus/>
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                  <ci>E_K</ci>
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                  <plus/>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.6</cn>
                     <ci>paF</ci>
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                     <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.4</cn>
                     <ci>paS</ci>
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               </apply>
               <ci>pi_</ci>
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         </apply>
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      <variable name="paF" units="dimensionless" initial_value="0.144755091176" public_interface="out"/>
      <variable name="pa_infinity" units="dimensionless"/>
      <variable name="tau_paS" units="millisecond"/>
      <variable name="tau_paF" units="millisecond"/>
      <variable name="Vm" units="millivolt" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="time" units="millisecond" public_interface="in"/>
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            <eq/>
            <ci>pa_infinity</ci>
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            <ci>tau_paS</ci>
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            <ci>tau_paF</ci>
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               <divide/>
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                  <ci>paF</ci>
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               <ci>tau_paF</ci>
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      <variable name="pi_infinity" units="dimensionless"/>
      <variable name="tau_pi" units="millisecond"/>
      <variable name="Vm" units="millivolt" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="time" units="millisecond" public_interface="in"/>
      <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
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            <ci>pi_infinity</ci>
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                        <cn cellml:units="millivolt">17.1</cn>
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            <ci>tau_pi</ci>
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                              <ci>Vm</ci>
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                           <cn cellml:units="millivolt">54.645</cn>
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               <bvar>
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               <divide/>
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                  <minus/>
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                  <ci>pi_</ci>
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               <ci>tau_pi</ci>
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         </apply>
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   <component name="i_Ks">
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      <variable name="g_Ks" units="nanoS_per_picoF" initial_value="0.0259"/>
      <variable name="E_Ks" units="millivolt" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="Cm" units="picoF" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="time" units="millisecond" public_interface="in" private_interface="out"/>
      <variable name="Vm" units="millivolt" public_interface="in" private_interface="out"/>
      <variable name="n" units="dimensionless" private_interface="in"/>
      <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
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               <times/>
               <ci>Cm</ci>
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                  <minus/>
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                  <power/>
                  <ci>n</ci>
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      <variable name="n_infinity" units="dimensionless"/>
      <variable name="tau_n" units="millisecond"/>
      <variable name="alpha_n" units="per_millisecond"/>
      <variable name="beta_n" units="per_millisecond"/>
      <variable name="Vm" units="millivolt" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="time" units="millisecond" public_interface="in"/>
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            <ci>alpha_n</ci>
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                        <apply>
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                              <minus/>
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                        <cn cellml:units="millivolt">9</cn>
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            <ci>beta_n</ci>
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               <times/>
               <cn cellml:units="per_millisecond">0.001</cn>
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                        <minus/>
                        <ci>Vm</ci>
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                     <cn cellml:units="millivolt">45</cn>
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         <apply>
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               <diff/>
               <bvar>
                  <ci>time</ci>
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            <apply>
               <divide/>
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                  <minus/>
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                  <ci>n</ci>
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               <ci>tau_n</ci>
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   <component name="AP_sensitive_currents">
      <variable name="i_to" units="picoA" public_interface="out"/>
      <variable name="i_sus" units="picoA" public_interface="out"/>
      <variable name="g_to" units="nanoS_per_picoF" initial_value="0.252"/>
      <variable name="g_sus" units="nanoS_per_picoF" initial_value="0.02"/>
      <variable name="Cm" units="picoF" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="E_K" units="millivolt" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="time" units="millisecond" public_interface="in" private_interface="out"/>
      <variable name="Vm" units="millivolt" public_interface="in" private_interface="out"/>
      <variable name="q" units="dimensionless" private_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="r" units="dimensionless" private_interface="in"/>
      <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>i_to</ci>
            <apply>
               <times/>
               <ci>Cm</ci>
               <ci>g_to</ci>
               <apply>
                  <minus/>
                  <ci>Vm</ci>
                  <ci>E_K</ci>
               </apply>
               <ci>q</ci>
               <ci>r</ci>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>i_sus</ci>
            <apply>
               <times/>
               <ci>Cm</ci>
               <ci>g_sus</ci>
               <apply>
                  <minus/>
                  <ci>Vm</ci>
                  <ci>E_K</ci>
               </apply>
               <ci>r</ci>
            </apply>
         </apply>
      </math>
   </component>
   <component name="AP_sensitive_currents_q_gate">
      <variable name="q" units="dimensionless" initial_value="0.694241313965" public_interface="out"/>
      <variable name="q_infinity" units="dimensionless"/>
      <variable name="tau_q" units="millisecond"/>
      <variable name="Vm" units="millivolt" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="time" units="millisecond" public_interface="in"/>
      <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>q_infinity</ci>
            <apply>
               <divide/>
               <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
               <apply>
                  <plus/>
                  <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
                  <apply>
                     <exp/>
                     <apply>
                        <divide/>
                        <apply>
                           <plus/>
                           <ci>Vm</ci>
                           <cn cellml:units="millivolt">49</cn>
                        </apply>
                        <cn cellml:units="millivolt">13</cn>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>tau_q</ci>
            <apply>
               <plus/>
               <cn cellml:units="millisecond">6.06</cn>
               <apply>
                  <divide/>
                  <cn cellml:units="millisecond">39.102</cn>
                  <apply>
                     <plus/>
                     <apply>
                        <times/>
                        <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.57</cn>
                        <apply>
                           <exp/>
                           <apply>
                              <times/>
                              <apply>
                                 <minus/>
                                 <cn cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.08</cn>
                              </apply>
                              <apply>
                                 <plus/>
                                 <ci>Vm</ci>
                                 <cn cellml:units="millivolt">44</cn>
                              </apply>
                           </apply>
                        </apply>
                     </apply>
                     <apply>
                        <times/>
                        <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.065</cn>
                        <apply>
                           <exp/>
                           <apply>
                              <times/>
                              <cn cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.1</cn>
                              <apply>
                                 <plus/>
                                 <ci>Vm</ci>
                                 <cn cellml:units="millivolt">45.93</cn>
                              </apply>
                           </apply>
                        </apply>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <apply>
               <diff/>
               <bvar>
                  <ci>time</ci>
               </bvar>
               <ci>q</ci>
            </apply>
            <apply>
               <divide/>
               <apply>
                  <minus/>
                  <ci>q_infinity</ci>
                  <ci>q</ci>
               </apply>
               <ci>tau_q</ci>
            </apply>
         </apply>
      </math>
   </component>
   <component name="AP_sensitive_currents_r_gate">
      <variable name="r" units="dimensionless" initial_value="0.00558131733359" public_interface="out"/>
      <variable name="r_infinity" units="dimensionless"/>
      <variable name="tau_r" units="millisecond"/>
      <variable name="Vm" units="millivolt" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="time" units="millisecond" public_interface="in"/>
      <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>r_infinity</ci>
            <apply>
               <divide/>
               <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
               <apply>
                  <plus/>
                  <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
                  <apply>
                     <exp/>
                     <apply>
                        <divide/>
                        <apply>
                           <minus/>
                           <apply>
                              <minus/>
                              <ci>Vm</ci>
                              <cn cellml:units="millivolt">19.3</cn>
                           </apply>
                        </apply>
                        <cn cellml:units="millivolt">15</cn>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>tau_r</ci>
            <apply>
               <plus/>
               <cn cellml:units="millisecond">2.75352</cn>
               <apply>
                  <divide/>
                  <cn cellml:units="millisecond">14.40516</cn>
                  <apply>
                     <plus/>
                     <apply>
                        <times/>
                        <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1.037</cn>
                        <apply>
                           <exp/>
                           <apply>
                              <times/>
                              <cn cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.09</cn>
                              <apply>
                                 <plus/>
                                 <ci>Vm</ci>
                                 <cn cellml:units="millivolt">30.61</cn>
                              </apply>
                           </apply>
                        </apply>
                     </apply>
                     <apply>
                        <times/>
                        <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.369</cn>
                        <apply>
                           <exp/>
                           <apply>
                              <times/>
                              <apply>
                                 <minus/>
                                 <cn cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.12</cn>
                              </apply>
                              <apply>
                                 <plus/>
                                 <ci>Vm</ci>
                                 <cn cellml:units="millivolt">23.84</cn>
                              </apply>
                           </apply>
                        </apply>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <apply>
               <diff/>
               <bvar>
                  <ci>time</ci>
               </bvar>
               <ci>r</ci>
            </apply>
            <apply>
               <divide/>
               <apply>
                  <minus/>
                  <ci>r_infinity</ci>
                  <ci>r</ci>
               </apply>
               <ci>tau_r</ci>
            </apply>
         </apply>
      </math>
   </component>
   <component name="i_f">
      <variable name="i_f" units="picoA" public_interface="out"/>
      <variable name="i_f_Na" units="picoA" public_interface="out"/>
      <variable name="i_f_K" units="picoA" public_interface="out"/>
      <variable name="g_if" units="nanoS_per_picoF" initial_value="0.15"/>
      <variable name="Cm" units="picoF" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="E_K" units="millivolt" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="E_Na" units="millivolt" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="time" units="millisecond" public_interface="in" private_interface="out"/>
      <variable name="Vm" units="millivolt" public_interface="in" private_interface="out"/>
      <variable name="y" units="dimensionless" private_interface="in"/>
      <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>i_f_Na</ci>
            <apply>
               <times/>
               <ci>Cm</ci>
               <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.3833</cn>
               <ci>g_if</ci>
               <apply>
                  <minus/>
                  <ci>Vm</ci>
                  <ci>E_Na</ci>
               </apply>
               <apply>
                  <power/>
                  <ci>y</ci>
                  <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>i_f_K</ci>
            <apply>
               <times/>
               <ci>Cm</ci>
               <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.6167</cn>
               <ci>g_if</ci>
               <apply>
                  <minus/>
                  <ci>Vm</ci>
                  <ci>E_K</ci>
               </apply>
               <apply>
                  <power/>
                  <ci>y</ci>
                  <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>i_f</ci>
            <apply>
               <plus/>
               <ci>i_f_Na</ci>
               <ci>i_f_K</ci>
            </apply>
         </apply>
      </math>
   </component>
   <component name="i_f_y_gate">
      <variable name="y" units="dimensionless" initial_value="0.113643187247" public_interface="out"/>
      <variable name="y_infinity" units="dimensionless"/>
      <variable name="tau_y" units="millisecond"/>
      <variable name="VIf_half" units="millivolt" initial_value="-64"/>
      <variable name="Vm" units="millivolt" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="time" units="millisecond" public_interface="in"/>
      <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>y_infinity</ci>
            <apply>
               <divide/>
               <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
               <apply>
                  <plus/>
                  <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
                  <apply>
                     <exp/>
                     <apply>
                        <divide/>
                        <apply>
                           <minus/>
                           <ci>Vm</ci>
                           <ci>VIf_half</ci>
                        </apply>
                        <cn cellml:units="millivolt">13.5</cn>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>tau_y</ci>
            <apply>
               <divide/>
               <cn cellml:units="millisecond">0.7166529</cn>
               <apply>
                  <plus/>
                  <apply>
                     <exp/>
                     <apply>
                        <divide/>
                        <apply>
                           <minus/>
                           <apply>
                              <plus/>
                              <ci>Vm</ci>
                              <cn cellml:units="millivolt">386.9</cn>
                           </apply>
                        </apply>
                        <cn cellml:units="millivolt">45.302</cn>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
                  <apply>
                     <exp/>
                     <apply>
                        <divide/>
                        <apply>
                           <minus/>
                           <ci>Vm</ci>
                           <cn cellml:units="millivolt">73.08</cn>
                        </apply>
                        <cn cellml:units="millivolt">19.231</cn>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <apply>
               <diff/>
               <bvar>
                  <ci>time</ci>
               </bvar>
               <ci>y</ci>
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            <apply>
               <divide/>
               <apply>
                  <minus/>
                  <ci>y_infinity</ci>
                  <ci>y</ci>
               </apply>
               <ci>tau_y</ci>
            </apply>
         </apply>
      </math>
   </component>
   <component name="i_st">
      <variable name="i_st" units="picoA" public_interface="out"/>
      <variable name="g_st" units="nanoS_per_picoF" initial_value="0.003"/>
      <variable name="E_st" units="millivolt" initial_value="37.4"/>
      <variable name="Cm" units="picoF" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="time" units="millisecond" public_interface="in" private_interface="out"/>
      <variable name="Vm" units="millivolt" public_interface="in" private_interface="out"/>
      <variable name="qa" units="dimensionless" private_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="qi" units="dimensionless" private_interface="in"/>
      <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>i_st</ci>
            <apply>
               <times/>
               <ci>Cm</ci>
               <ci>g_st</ci>
               <apply>
                  <minus/>
                  <ci>Vm</ci>
                  <ci>E_st</ci>
               </apply>
               <ci>qa</ci>
               <ci>qi</ci>
            </apply>
         </apply>
      </math>
   </component>
   <component name="i_st_qa_gate">
      <variable name="qa" units="dimensionless" initial_value="0.42380243163" public_interface="out"/>
      <variable name="qa_infinity" units="dimensionless"/>
      <variable name="tau_qa" units="millisecond"/>
      <variable name="alpha_qa" units="per_millisecond"/>
      <variable name="beta_qa" units="per_millisecond"/>
      <variable name="Vm" units="millivolt" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="time" units="millisecond" public_interface="in"/>
      <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>qa_infinity</ci>
            <apply>
               <divide/>
               <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
               <apply>
                  <plus/>
                  <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
                  <apply>
                     <exp/>
                     <apply>
                        <divide/>
                        <apply>
                           <minus/>
                           <apply>
                              <plus/>
                              <ci>Vm</ci>
                              <cn cellml:units="millivolt">57</cn>
                           </apply>
                        </apply>
                        <cn cellml:units="millivolt">5</cn>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>tau_qa</ci>
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               <divide/>
               <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
               <apply>
                  <plus/>
                  <ci>alpha_qa</ci>
                  <ci>beta_qa</ci>
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            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>alpha_qa</ci>
            <apply>
               <divide/>
               <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
               <apply>
                  <plus/>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <cn cellml:units="millisecond">0.15</cn>
                     <apply>
                        <exp/>
                        <apply>
                           <divide/>
                           <apply>
                              <minus/>
                              <ci>Vm</ci>
                           </apply>
                           <cn cellml:units="millivolt">11</cn>
                        </apply>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <cn cellml:units="millisecond">0.2</cn>
                     <apply>
                        <exp/>
                        <apply>
                           <divide/>
                           <apply>
                              <minus/>
                              <ci>Vm</ci>
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                           <cn cellml:units="millivolt">700</cn>
                        </apply>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>beta_qa</ci>
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               <divide/>
               <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
               <apply>
                  <plus/>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <cn cellml:units="millisecond">16</cn>
                     <apply>
                        <exp/>
                        <apply>
                           <divide/>
                           <ci>Vm</ci>
                           <cn cellml:units="millivolt">8</cn>
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                     </apply>
                  </apply>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <cn cellml:units="millisecond">15</cn>
                     <apply>
                        <exp/>
                        <apply>
                           <divide/>
                           <ci>Vm</ci>
                           <cn cellml:units="millivolt">50</cn>
                        </apply>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <apply>
               <diff/>
               <bvar>
                  <ci>time</ci>
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               <ci>qa</ci>
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            <apply>
               <divide/>
               <apply>
                  <minus/>
                  <ci>qa_infinity</ci>
                  <ci>qa</ci>
               </apply>
               <ci>tau_qa</ci>
            </apply>
         </apply>
      </math>
   </component>
   <component name="i_st_qi_gate">
      <variable name="qi" units="dimensionless" initial_value="0.447294008304" public_interface="out"/>
      <variable name="qi_infinity" units="dimensionless"/>
      <variable name="tau_qi" units="millisecond"/>
      <variable name="alpha_qi" units="per_millisecond"/>
      <variable name="beta_qi" units="per_millisecond"/>
      <variable name="Vm" units="millivolt" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="time" units="millisecond" public_interface="in"/>
      <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>qi_infinity</ci>
            <apply>
               <divide/>
               <ci>alpha_qi</ci>
               <apply>
                  <plus/>
                  <ci>alpha_qi</ci>
                  <ci>beta_qi</ci>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>tau_qi</ci>
            <apply>
               <divide/>
               <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">6.65</cn>
               <apply>
                  <plus/>
                  <ci>alpha_qi</ci>
                  <ci>beta_qi</ci>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>alpha_qi</ci>
            <apply>
               <divide/>
               <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
               <apply>
                  <plus/>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <cn cellml:units="millisecond">3100</cn>
                     <apply>
                        <exp/>
                        <apply>
                           <divide/>
                           <ci>Vm</ci>
                           <cn cellml:units="millivolt">13</cn>
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                     </apply>
                  </apply>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <cn cellml:units="millisecond">700</cn>
                     <apply>
                        <exp/>
                        <apply>
                           <divide/>
                           <ci>Vm</ci>
                           <cn cellml:units="millivolt">70</cn>
                        </apply>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>beta_qi</ci>
            <apply>
               <plus/>
               <apply>
                  <divide/>
                  <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
                  <apply>
                     <plus/>
                     <apply>
                        <times/>
                        <cn cellml:units="millisecond">95</cn>
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                           <exp/>
                           <apply>
                              <divide/>
                              <apply>
                                 <minus/>
                                 <ci>Vm</ci>
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                              <cn cellml:units="millivolt">10</cn>
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                        </apply>
                     </apply>
                     <apply>
                        <times/>
                        <cn cellml:units="millisecond">50</cn>
                        <apply>
                           <exp/>
                           <apply>
                              <divide/>
                              <apply>
                                 <minus/>
                                 <ci>Vm</ci>
                              </apply>
                              <cn cellml:units="millivolt">700</cn>
                           </apply>
                        </apply>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
               <apply>
                  <divide/>
                  <cn cellml:units="per_millisecond">0.000229</cn>
                  <apply>
                     <plus/>
                     <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
                     <apply>
                        <exp/>
                        <apply>
                           <divide/>
                           <apply>
                              <minus/>
                              <ci>Vm</ci>
                           </apply>
                           <cn cellml:units="millivolt">5</cn>
                        </apply>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <apply>
               <diff/>
               <bvar>
                  <ci>time</ci>
               </bvar>
               <ci>qi</ci>
            </apply>
            <apply>
               <divide/>
               <apply>
                  <minus/>
                  <ci>qi_infinity</ci>
                  <ci>qi</ci>
               </apply>
               <ci>tau_qi</ci>
            </apply>
         </apply>
      </math>
   </component>
   <component name="i_b_Na">
      <variable name="i_b_Na" units="picoA" public_interface="out"/>
      <variable name="g_b_Na" units="nanoS_per_picoF" initial_value="0.00486"/>
      <variable name="Cm" units="picoF" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="E_Na" units="millivolt" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="Vm" units="millivolt" public_interface="in"/>
      <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>i_b_Na</ci>
            <apply>
               <times/>
               <ci>Cm</ci>
               <ci>g_b_Na</ci>
               <apply>
                  <minus/>
                  <ci>Vm</ci>
                  <ci>E_Na</ci>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
      </math>
   </component>
   <component name="i_NaK">
      <variable name="i_NaK" units="picoA" public_interface="out"/>
      <variable name="Km_Kp" units="millimolar" initial_value="1.4"/>
      <variable name="Km_Nap" units="millimolar" initial_value="14"/>
      <variable name="i_NaK_max" units="picoA_per_picoF" initial_value="2.88"/>
      <variable name="Cm" units="picoF" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="Nai" units="millimolar" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="Ko" units="millimolar" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="Vm" units="millivolt" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="E_Na" units="millivolt" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="time" units="millisecond" public_interface="in"/>
      <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>i_NaK</ci>
            <apply>
               <divide/>
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                  <times/>
                  <ci>Cm</ci>
                  <ci>i_NaK_max</ci>
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               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <apply>
                     <plus/>
                     <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
                     <apply>
                        <power/>
                        <apply>
                           <divide/>
                           <ci>Km_Kp</ci>
                           <ci>Ko</ci>
                        </apply>
                        <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1.2</cn>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
                  <apply>
                     <plus/>
                     <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
                     <apply>
                        <power/>
                        <apply>
                           <divide/>
                           <ci>Km_Nap</ci>
                           <ci>Nai</ci>
                        </apply>
                        <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1.3</cn>
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                  </apply>
                  <apply>
                     <plus/>
                     <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
                     <apply>
                        <exp/>
                        <apply>
                           <divide/>
                           <apply>
                              <minus/>
                              <apply>
                                 <plus/>
                                 <apply>
                                    <minus/>
                                    <ci>Vm</ci>
                                    <ci>E_Na</ci>
                                 </apply>
                                 <cn cellml:units="millivolt">120</cn>
                              </apply>
                           </apply>
                           <cn cellml:units="millivolt">30</cn>
                        </apply>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
      </math>
   </component>
   <component name="i_b_Ca">
      <variable name="i_b_Ca" units="picoA" public_interface="out"/>
      <variable name="g_b_Ca" units="nanoS_per_picoF" initial_value="0.0006"/>
      <variable name="Cm" units="picoF" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="E_CaL" units="millivolt" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="Vm" units="millivolt" public_interface="in"/>
      <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>i_b_Ca</ci>
            <apply>
               <times/>
               <ci>Cm</ci>
               <ci>g_b_Ca</ci>
               <apply>
                  <minus/>
                  <ci>Vm</ci>
                  <ci>E_CaL</ci>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
      </math>
   </component>
   <component name="i_NaCa">
      <variable name="i_NaCa" units="picoA" public_interface="out"/>
      <variable name="kNaCa" units="picoA_per_picoF" initial_value="187.5"/>
      <variable name="x1" units="dimensionless"/>
      <variable name="x2" units="dimensionless"/>
      <variable name="x3" units="dimensionless"/>
      <variable name="x4" units="dimensionless"/>
      <variable name="k41" units="dimensionless"/>
      <variable name="k34" units="dimensionless"/>
      <variable name="k23" units="dimensionless"/>
      <variable name="k21" units="dimensionless"/>
      <variable name="k32" units="dimensionless"/>
      <variable name="k43" units="dimensionless"/>
      <variable name="k12" units="dimensionless"/>
      <variable name="k14" units="dimensionless"/>
      <variable name="Qci" units="dimensionless" initial_value="0.1369"/>
      <variable name="Qn" units="dimensionless" initial_value="0.4315"/>
      <variable name="Qco" units="dimensionless" initial_value="0"/>
      <variable name="K3ni" units="millimolar" initial_value="26.44"/>
      <variable name="Kci" units="millimolar" initial_value="0.0207"/>
      <variable name="K1ni" units="millimolar" initial_value="395.3"/>
      <variable name="K2ni" units="millimolar" initial_value="2.289"/>
      <variable name="Kcni" units="millimolar" initial_value="26.44"/>
      <variable name="K3no" units="millimolar" initial_value="4.663"/>
      <variable name="K1no" units="millimolar" initial_value="1628"/>
      <variable name="K2no" units="millimolar" initial_value="561.4"/>
      <variable name="Kco" units="millimolar" initial_value="3.663"/>
      <variable name="RTOnF" units="millivolt"/>
      <variable name="do" units="dimensionless"/>
      <variable name="di" units="dimensionless"/>
      <variable name="Cm" units="picoF" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="Cao" units="millimolar" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="Nao" units="millimolar" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="Ca_sub" units="millimolar" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="Nai" units="millimolar" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="time" units="millisecond" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="R" units="joule_per_kilomole_kelvin" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="T" units="kelvin" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="F" units="coulomb_per_mole" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="Vm" units="millivolt" public_interface="in"/>
      <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>i_NaCa</ci>
            <apply>
               <divide/>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <ci>Cm</ci>
                  <ci>kNaCa</ci>
                  <apply>
                     <minus/>
                     <apply>
                        <times/>
                        <ci>x2</ci>
                        <ci>k21</ci>
                     </apply>
                     <apply>
                        <times/>
                        <ci>x1</ci>
                        <ci>k12</ci>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
               <apply>
                  <plus/>
                  <ci>x1</ci>
                  <ci>x2</ci>
                  <ci>x3</ci>
                  <ci>x4</ci>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>x1</ci>
            <apply>
               <plus/>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <ci>k41</ci>
                  <ci>k34</ci>
                  <apply>
                     <plus/>
                     <ci>k23</ci>
                     <ci>k21</ci>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <ci>k21</ci>
                  <ci>k32</ci>
                  <apply>
                     <plus/>
                     <ci>k43</ci>
                     <ci>k41</ci>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>x2</ci>
            <apply>
               <plus/>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <ci>k32</ci>
                  <ci>k43</ci>
                  <apply>
                     <plus/>
                     <ci>k14</ci>
                     <ci>k12</ci>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <ci>k41</ci>
                  <ci>k12</ci>
                  <apply>
                     <plus/>
                     <ci>k34</ci>
                     <ci>k32</ci>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>x3</ci>
            <apply>
               <plus/>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <ci>k14</ci>
                  <ci>k43</ci>
                  <apply>
                     <plus/>
                     <ci>k23</ci>
                     <ci>k21</ci>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <ci>k12</ci>
                  <ci>k23</ci>
                  <apply>
                     <plus/>
                     <ci>k43</ci>
                     <ci>k41</ci>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>x4</ci>
            <apply>
               <plus/>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <ci>k23</ci>
                  <ci>k34</ci>
                  <apply>
                     <plus/>
                     <ci>k14</ci>
                     <ci>k12</ci>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <ci>k14</ci>
                  <ci>k21</ci>
                  <apply>
                     <plus/>
                     <ci>k34</ci>
                     <ci>k32</ci>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>k43</ci>
            <apply>
               <divide/>
               <ci>Nai</ci>
               <apply>
                  <plus/>
                  <ci>K3ni</ci>
                  <ci>Nai</ci>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>RTOnF</ci>
            <apply>
               <divide/>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <ci>R</ci>
                  <ci>T</ci>
               </apply>
               <ci>F</ci>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>k12</ci>
            <apply>
               <divide/>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <apply>
                     <divide/>
                     <ci>Ca_sub</ci>
                     <ci>Kci</ci>
                  </apply>
                  <apply>
                     <exp/>
                     <apply>
                        <divide/>
                        <apply>
                           <times/>
                           <apply>
                              <minus/>
                              <ci>Qci</ci>
                           </apply>
                           <ci>Vm</ci>
                        </apply>
                        <ci>RTOnF</ci>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
               <ci>di</ci>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>k14</ci>
            <apply>
               <divide/>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <apply>
                     <divide/>
                     <apply>
                        <times/>
                        <apply>
                           <divide/>
                           <ci>Nai</ci>
                           <ci>K1ni</ci>
                        </apply>
                        <ci>Nai</ci>
                     </apply>
                     <ci>K2ni</ci>
                  </apply>
                  <apply>
                     <plus/>
                     <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
                     <apply>
                        <divide/>
                        <ci>Nai</ci>
                        <ci>K3ni</ci>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
                  <apply>
                     <exp/>
                     <apply>
                        <divide/>
                        <apply>
                           <times/>
                           <ci>Qn</ci>
                           <ci>Vm</ci>
                        </apply>
                        <apply>
                           <times/>
                           <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
                           <ci>RTOnF</ci>
                        </apply>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
               <ci>di</ci>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>k41</ci>
            <apply>
               <exp/>
               <apply>
                  <divide/>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <apply>
                        <minus/>
                        <ci>Qn</ci>
                     </apply>
                     <ci>Vm</ci>
                  </apply>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
                     <ci>RTOnF</ci>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>di</ci>
            <apply>
               <plus/>
               <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <apply>
                     <divide/>
                     <ci>Ca_sub</ci>
                     <ci>Kci</ci>
                  </apply>
                  <apply>
                     <plus/>
                     <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
                     <apply>
                        <exp/>
                        <apply>
                           <divide/>
                           <apply>
                              <times/>
                              <apply>
                                 <minus/>
                                 <ci>Qci</ci>
                              </apply>
                              <ci>Vm</ci>
                           </apply>
                           <ci>RTOnF</ci>
                        </apply>
                     </apply>
                     <apply>
                        <divide/>
                        <ci>Nai</ci>
                        <ci>Kcni</ci>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <apply>
                     <divide/>
                     <ci>Nai</ci>
                     <ci>K1ni</ci>
                  </apply>
                  <apply>
                     <plus/>
                     <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
                     <apply>
                        <times/>
                        <apply>
                           <divide/>
                           <ci>Nai</ci>
                           <ci>K2ni</ci>
                        </apply>
                        <apply>
                           <plus/>
                           <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
                           <apply>
                              <divide/>
                              <ci>Nai</ci>
                              <ci>K3ni</ci>
                           </apply>
                        </apply>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>k34</ci>
            <apply>
               <divide/>
               <ci>Nao</ci>
               <apply>
                  <plus/>
                  <ci>K3no</ci>
                  <ci>Nao</ci>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>k21</ci>
            <apply>
               <divide/>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <apply>
                     <divide/>
                     <ci>Cao</ci>
                     <ci>Kco</ci>
                  </apply>
                  <apply>
                     <exp/>
                     <apply>
                        <divide/>
                        <apply>
                           <times/>
                           <ci>Qco</ci>
                           <ci>Vm</ci>
                        </apply>
                        <ci>RTOnF</ci>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
               <ci>do</ci>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>k23</ci>
            <apply>
               <divide/>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <apply>
                     <divide/>
                     <apply>
                        <times/>
                        <apply>
                           <divide/>
                           <ci>Nao</ci>
                           <ci>K1no</ci>
                        </apply>
                        <ci>Nao</ci>
                     </apply>
                     <ci>K2no</ci>
                  </apply>
                  <apply>
                     <plus/>
                     <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
                     <apply>
                        <divide/>
                        <ci>Nao</ci>
                        <ci>K3no</ci>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
                  <apply>
                     <exp/>
                     <apply>
                        <divide/>
                        <apply>
                           <times/>
                           <apply>
                              <minus/>
                              <ci>Qn</ci>
                           </apply>
                           <ci>Vm</ci>
                        </apply>
                        <apply>
                           <times/>
                           <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
                           <ci>RTOnF</ci>
                        </apply>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
               <ci>do</ci>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>k32</ci>
            <apply>
               <exp/>
               <apply>
                  <divide/>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <ci>Qn</ci>
                     <ci>Vm</ci>
                  </apply>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
                     <ci>RTOnF</ci>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>do</ci>
            <apply>
               <plus/>
               <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <apply>
                     <divide/>
                     <ci>Cao</ci>
                     <ci>Kco</ci>
                  </apply>
                  <apply>
                     <plus/>
                     <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
                     <apply>
                        <exp/>
                        <apply>
                           <divide/>
                           <apply>
                              <times/>
                              <ci>Qco</ci>
                              <ci>Vm</ci>
                           </apply>
                           <ci>RTOnF</ci>
                        </apply>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <apply>
                     <divide/>
                     <ci>Nao</ci>
                     <ci>K1no</ci>
                  </apply>
                  <apply>
                     <plus/>
                     <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
                     <apply>
                        <times/>
                        <apply>
                           <divide/>
                           <ci>Nao</ci>
                           <ci>K2no</ci>
                        </apply>
                        <apply>
                           <plus/>
                           <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
                           <apply>
                              <divide/>
                              <ci>Nao</ci>
                              <ci>K3no</ci>
                           </apply>
                        </apply>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
      </math>
   </component>
   <component name="j_SRCarel">
      <variable name="j_SRCarel" units="millimolar_per_millisecond" public_interface="out"/>
      <variable name="R" units="dimensionless" initial_value="0.688047760973"/>
      <variable name="O" units="dimensionless" initial_value="1.7340201253e-7"/>
      <variable name="I" units="dimensionless" initial_value="7.86181717518e-8"/>
      <variable name="RI" units="dimensionless" initial_value="0.311951987007"/>
      <variable name="ks" units="per_millisecond" initial_value="250000"/>
      <variable name="MaxSR" units="dimensionless" initial_value="15"/>
      <variable name="MinSR" units="dimensionless" initial_value="1"/>
      <variable name="EC50_SR" units="millimolar" initial_value="0.45"/>
      <variable name="HSR" units="dimensionless" initial_value="2.5"/>
      <variable name="koSRCa" units="per_millimolar2_millisecond"/>
      <variable name="kiSRCa" units="per_millimolar_millisecond"/>
      <variable name="koCa" units="per_millimolar2_millisecond" initial_value="10"/>
      <variable name="kiCa" units="per_millimolar_millisecond" initial_value="0.5"/>
      <variable name="kCaSR" units="dimensionless"/>
      <variable name="kim" units="per_millisecond" initial_value="0.005"/>
      <variable name="kom" units="per_millisecond" initial_value="0.06"/>
      <variable name="time" units="millisecond" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="Ca_sub" units="millimolar" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="Ca_jsr" units="millimolar" public_interface="in"/>
      <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>j_SRCarel</ci>
            <apply>
               <times/>
               <ci>ks</ci>
               <ci>O</ci>
               <apply>
                  <minus/>
                  <ci>Ca_jsr</ci>
                  <ci>Ca_sub</ci>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>kCaSR</ci>
            <apply>
               <minus/>
               <ci>MaxSR</ci>
               <apply>
                  <divide/>
                  <apply>
                     <minus/>
                     <ci>MaxSR</ci>
                     <ci>MinSR</ci>
                  </apply>
                  <apply>
                     <plus/>
                     <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
                     <apply>
                        <power/>
                        <apply>
                           <divide/>
                           <ci>EC50_SR</ci>
                           <ci>Ca_jsr</ci>
                        </apply>
                        <ci>HSR</ci>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>koSRCa</ci>
            <apply>
               <divide/>
               <ci>koCa</ci>
               <ci>kCaSR</ci>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>kiSRCa</ci>
            <apply>
               <times/>
               <ci>kiCa</ci>
               <ci>kCaSR</ci>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <apply>
               <diff/>
               <bvar>
                  <ci>time</ci>
               </bvar>
               <ci>R</ci>
            </apply>
            <apply>
               <minus/>
               <apply>
                  <minus/>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <ci>kim</ci>
                     <ci>RI</ci>
                  </apply>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <ci>kiSRCa</ci>
                     <ci>Ca_sub</ci>
                     <ci>R</ci>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
               <apply>
                  <minus/>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <ci>koSRCa</ci>
                     <apply>
                        <power/>
                        <ci>Ca_sub</ci>
                        <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
                     </apply>
                     <ci>R</ci>
                  </apply>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <ci>kom</ci>
                     <ci>O</ci>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <apply>
               <diff/>
               <bvar>
                  <ci>time</ci>
               </bvar>
               <ci>O</ci>
            </apply>
            <apply>
               <minus/>
               <apply>
                  <minus/>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <ci>koSRCa</ci>
                     <apply>
                        <power/>
                        <ci>Ca_sub</ci>
                        <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
                     </apply>
                     <ci>R</ci>
                  </apply>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <ci>kom</ci>
                     <ci>O</ci>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
               <apply>
                  <minus/>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <ci>kiSRCa</ci>
                     <ci>Ca_sub</ci>
                     <ci>O</ci>
                  </apply>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <ci>kim</ci>
                     <ci>I</ci>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <apply>
               <diff/>
               <bvar>
                  <ci>time</ci>
               </bvar>
               <ci>I</ci>
            </apply>
            <apply>
               <minus/>
               <apply>
                  <minus/>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <ci>kiSRCa</ci>
                     <ci>Ca_sub</ci>
                     <ci>O</ci>
                  </apply>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <ci>kim</ci>
                     <ci>I</ci>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
               <apply>
                  <minus/>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <ci>kom</ci>
                     <ci>I</ci>
                  </apply>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <ci>koSRCa</ci>
                     <apply>
                        <power/>
                        <ci>Ca_sub</ci>
                        <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
                     </apply>
                     <ci>RI</ci>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <apply>
               <diff/>
               <bvar>
                  <ci>time</ci>
               </bvar>
               <ci>RI</ci>
            </apply>
            <apply>
               <minus/>
               <apply>
                  <minus/>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <ci>kom</ci>
                     <ci>I</ci>
                  </apply>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <ci>koSRCa</ci>
                     <apply>
                        <power/>
                        <ci>Ca_sub</ci>
                        <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
                     </apply>
                     <ci>RI</ci>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
               <apply>
                  <minus/>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <ci>kim</ci>
                     <ci>RI</ci>
                  </apply>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <ci>kiSRCa</ci>
                     <ci>Ca_sub</ci>
                     <ci>R</ci>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
      </math>
   </component>
   <component name="intracellular_calcium_fluxes">
      <variable name="j_Ca_dif" units="millimolar_per_millisecond" public_interface="out"/>
      <variable name="j_up" units="millimolar_per_millisecond" public_interface="out"/>
      <variable name="j_tr" units="millimolar_per_millisecond" public_interface="out"/>
      <variable name="tau_dif_Ca" units="millisecond" initial_value="0.04"/>
      <variable name="tau_tr" units="millisecond" initial_value="40"/>
      <variable name="P_up" units="millimolar_per_millisecond" initial_value="0.012"/>
      <variable name="K_up" units="millimolar" initial_value="0.0006"/>
      <variable name="Ca_nsr" units="millimolar" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="Cai" units="millimolar" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="Ca_sub" units="millimolar" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="Ca_jsr" units="millimolar" public_interface="in"/>
      <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>j_Ca_dif</ci>
            <apply>
               <divide/>
               <apply>
                  <minus/>
                  <ci>Ca_sub</ci>
                  <ci>Cai</ci>
               </apply>
               <ci>tau_dif_Ca</ci>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>j_up</ci>
            <apply>
               <divide/>
               <ci>P_up</ci>
               <apply>
                  <plus/>
                  <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
                  <apply>
                     <divide/>
                     <ci>K_up</ci>
                     <ci>Cai</ci>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>j_tr</ci>
            <apply>
               <divide/>
               <apply>
                  <minus/>
                  <ci>Ca_nsr</ci>
                  <ci>Ca_jsr</ci>
               </apply>
               <ci>tau_tr</ci>
            </apply>
         </apply>
      </math>
   </component>
   <component name="calcium_buffering">
      <variable name="TC_tot" units="millimolar" initial_value="0.031" public_interface="out"/>
      <variable name="TMC_tot" units="millimolar" initial_value="0.062" public_interface="out"/>
      <variable name="CM_tot" units="millimolar" initial_value="0.045" public_interface="out"/>
      <variable name="CQ_tot" units="millimolar" initial_value="10" public_interface="out"/>
      <variable name="delta_fTC" units="per_millisecond" public_interface="out"/>
      <variable name="delta_fTMC" units="per_millisecond" public_interface="out"/>
      <variable name="delta_fCMs" units="per_millisecond" public_interface="out"/>
      <variable name="delta_fCMi" units="per_millisecond" public_interface="out"/>
      <variable name="delta_fCQ" units="per_millisecond" public_interface="out"/>
      <variable name="delta_fTMM" units="per_millisecond"/>
      <variable name="fTMM" units="dimensionless" initial_value="0.501049376634"/>
      <variable name="fCMi" units="dimensionless" initial_value="0.0594880901438"/>
      <variable name="fCMs" units="dimensionless" initial_value="0.054381370046"/>
      <variable name="fTC" units="dimensionless" initial_value="0.0291316176172"/>
      <variable name="fTMC" units="dimensionless" initial_value="0.432694959597"/>
      <variable name="fCQ" units="dimensionless" initial_value="0.273207128393"/>
      <variable name="kf_TC" units="per_millimolar_millisecond" initial_value="88.8"/>
      <variable name="kf_TMM" units="per_millimolar_millisecond" initial_value="2.277"/>
      <variable name="kf_TMC" units="per_millimolar_millisecond" initial_value="227.7"/>
      <variable name="kf_CM" units="per_millimolar_millisecond" initial_value="227.7"/>
      <variable name="kf_CQ" units="per_millimolar_millisecond" initial_value="0.534"/>
      <variable name="kb_TC" units="per_millisecond" initial_value="0.446"/>
      <variable name="kb_TMC" units="per_millisecond" initial_value="0.00751"/>
      <variable name="kb_TMM" units="per_millisecond" initial_value="0.751"/>
      <variable name="kb_CM" units="per_millisecond" initial_value="0.542"/>
      <variable name="kb_CQ" units="per_millisecond" initial_value="0.445"/>
      <variable name="time" units="millisecond" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="Mgi" units="millimolar" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="Cai" units="millimolar" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="Ca_sub" units="millimolar" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="Ca_jsr" units="millimolar" public_interface="in"/>
      <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <apply>
               <diff/>
               <bvar>
                  <ci>time</ci>
               </bvar>
               <ci>fTC</ci>
            </apply>
            <ci>delta_fTC</ci>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>delta_fTC</ci>
            <apply>
               <minus/>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <ci>kf_TC</ci>
                  <ci>Cai</ci>
                  <apply>
                     <minus/>
                     <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
                     <ci>fTC</ci>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <ci>kb_TC</ci>
                  <ci>fTC</ci>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <apply>
               <diff/>
               <bvar>
                  <ci>time</ci>
               </bvar>
               <ci>fTMC</ci>
            </apply>
            <ci>delta_fTMC</ci>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>delta_fTMC</ci>
            <apply>
               <minus/>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <ci>kf_TMC</ci>
                  <ci>Cai</ci>
                  <apply>
                     <minus/>
                     <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
                     <apply>
                        <plus/>
                        <ci>fTMC</ci>
                        <ci>fTMM</ci>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <ci>kb_TMC</ci>
                  <ci>fTMC</ci>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <apply>
               <diff/>
               <bvar>
                  <ci>time</ci>
               </bvar>
               <ci>fTMM</ci>
            </apply>
            <ci>delta_fTMM</ci>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>delta_fTMM</ci>
            <apply>
               <minus/>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <ci>kf_TMM</ci>
                  <ci>Mgi</ci>
                  <apply>
                     <minus/>
                     <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
                     <apply>
                        <plus/>
                        <ci>fTMC</ci>
                        <ci>fTMM</ci>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <ci>kb_TMM</ci>
                  <ci>fTMM</ci>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <apply>
               <diff/>
               <bvar>
                  <ci>time</ci>
               </bvar>
               <ci>fCMi</ci>
            </apply>
            <ci>delta_fCMi</ci>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>delta_fCMi</ci>
            <apply>
               <minus/>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <ci>kf_CM</ci>
                  <ci>Cai</ci>
                  <apply>
                     <minus/>
                     <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
                     <ci>fCMi</ci>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <ci>kb_CM</ci>
                  <ci>fCMi</ci>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <apply>
               <diff/>
               <bvar>
                  <ci>time</ci>
               </bvar>
               <ci>fCMs</ci>
            </apply>
            <ci>delta_fCMs</ci>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>delta_fCMs</ci>
            <apply>
               <minus/>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <ci>kf_CM</ci>
                  <ci>Ca_sub</ci>
                  <apply>
                     <minus/>
                     <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
                     <ci>fCMs</ci>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <ci>kb_CM</ci>
                  <ci>fCMs</ci>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <apply>
               <diff/>
               <bvar>
                  <ci>time</ci>
               </bvar>
               <ci>fCQ</ci>
            </apply>
            <ci>delta_fCQ</ci>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>delta_fCQ</ci>
            <apply>
               <minus/>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <ci>kf_CQ</ci>
                  <ci>Ca_jsr</ci>
                  <apply>
                     <minus/>
                     <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
                     <ci>fCQ</ci>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <ci>kb_CQ</ci>
                  <ci>fCQ</ci>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
      </math>
   </component>
   <component name="calcium_dynamics">
      <variable name="Cai" units="millimolar" initial_value="0.000150018670943" public_interface="out"/>
      <variable name="Ca_nsr" units="millimolar" initial_value="1.49348117734" public_interface="out"/>
      <variable name="Ca_jsr" units="millimolar" initial_value="0.316762674605" public_interface="out"/>
      <variable name="Ca_sub" units="millimolar" initial_value="0.000138112560112" public_interface="out"/>
      <variable name="V_i" units="picolitre" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="V_jsr" units="picolitre" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="V_nsr" units="picolitre" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="V_sub" units="picolitre" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="time" units="millisecond" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="F" units="coulomb_per_mole" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="i_b_Ca" units="picoA" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="i_CaL" units="picoA" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="i_CaT" units="picoA" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="i_NaCa" units="picoA" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="j_SRCarel" units="millimolar_per_millisecond" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="j_Ca_dif" units="millimolar_per_millisecond" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="j_tr" units="millimolar_per_millisecond" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="j_up" units="millimolar_per_millisecond" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="TMC_tot" units="millimolar" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="CM_tot" units="millimolar" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="TC_tot" units="millimolar" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="CQ_tot" units="millimolar" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="delta_fTMC" units="per_millisecond" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="delta_fCMi" units="per_millisecond" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="delta_fCMs" units="per_millisecond" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="delta_fTC" units="per_millisecond" public_interface="in"/>
      <variable name="delta_fCQ" units="per_millisecond" public_interface="in"/>
      <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <apply>
               <diff/>
               <bvar>
                  <ci>time</ci>
               </bvar>
               <ci>Cai</ci>
            </apply>
            <apply>
               <minus/>
               <apply>
                  <divide/>
                  <apply>
                     <minus/>
                     <apply>
                        <times/>
                        <ci>j_Ca_dif</ci>
                        <ci>V_sub</ci>
                     </apply>
                     <apply>
                        <times/>
                        <ci>j_up</ci>
                        <ci>V_nsr</ci>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
                  <ci>V_i</ci>
               </apply>
               <apply>
                  <plus/>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <ci>CM_tot</ci>
                     <ci>delta_fCMi</ci>
                  </apply>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <ci>TC_tot</ci>
                     <ci>delta_fTC</ci>
                  </apply>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <ci>TMC_tot</ci>
                     <ci>delta_fTMC</ci>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <apply>
               <diff/>
               <bvar>
                  <ci>time</ci>
               </bvar>
               <ci>Ca_sub</ci>
            </apply>
            <apply>
               <minus/>
               <apply>
                  <divide/>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <ci>j_SRCarel</ci>
                     <ci>V_jsr</ci>
                  </apply>
                  <ci>V_sub</ci>
               </apply>
               <apply>
                  <plus/>
                  <apply>
                     <divide/>
                     <apply>
                        <minus/>
                        <apply>
                           <plus/>
                           <ci>i_CaL</ci>
                           <ci>i_CaT</ci>
                           <ci>i_b_Ca</ci>
                        </apply>
                        <apply>
                           <times/>
                           <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
                           <ci>i_NaCa</ci>
                        </apply>
                     </apply>
                     <apply>
                        <times/>
                        <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
                        <ci>F</ci>
                        <ci>V_sub</ci>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
                  <ci>j_Ca_dif</ci>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <ci>CM_tot</ci>
                     <ci>delta_fCMs</ci>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <apply>
               <diff/>
               <bvar>
                  <ci>time</ci>
               </bvar>
               <ci>Ca_nsr</ci>
            </apply>
            <apply>
               <minus/>
               <ci>j_up</ci>
               <apply>
                  <divide/>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <ci>j_tr</ci>
                     <ci>V_jsr</ci>
                  </apply>
                  <ci>V_nsr</ci>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <apply>
               <diff/>
               <bvar>
                  <ci>time</ci>
               </bvar>
               <ci>Ca_jsr</ci>
            </apply>
            <apply>
               <minus/>
               <ci>j_tr</ci>
               <apply>
                  <plus/>
                  <ci>j_SRCarel</ci>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <ci>CQ_tot</ci>
                     <ci>delta_fCQ</ci>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
      </math>
   </component>
   <component name="model_parameters">
      <variable name="Cao" units="millimolar" initial_value="2" public_interface="out"/>
      <variable name="Nai" units="millimolar" initial_value="10" public_interface="out"/>
      <variable name="Nao" units="millimolar" initial_value="140" public_interface="out"/>
      <variable name="Ki" units="millimolar" initial_value="140" public_interface="out"/>
      <variable name="Ko" units="millimolar" initial_value="5.4" public_interface="out"/>
      <variable name="Mgi" units="millimolar" initial_value="2.5" public_interface="out"/>
      <variable name="R" units="joule_per_kilomole_kelvin" initial_value="8314.4" public_interface="out"/>
      <variable name="T" units="kelvin" initial_value="310.15" public_interface="out"/>
      <variable name="F" units="coulomb_per_mole" initial_value="96485" public_interface="out"/>
      <variable name="Cm" units="picoF" initial_value="32" public_interface="out"/>
      <variable name="V_sub" units="picolitre" public_interface="out"/>
      <variable name="V_jsr" units="picolitre" public_interface="out"/>
      <variable name="V_nsr" units="picolitre" public_interface="out"/>
      <variable name="V_i" units="picolitre" public_interface="out"/>
      <variable name="V_cell" units="picolitre"/>
      <variable name="V_jsr_part" units="dimensionless" initial_value="0.0012"/>
      <variable name="V_i_part" units="dimensionless" initial_value="0.46"/>
      <variable name="V_nsr_part" units="dimensionless" initial_value="0.0116"/>
      <variable name="R_cell" units="micrometre" initial_value="4"/>
      <variable name="L_cell" units="micrometre" initial_value="70"/>
      <variable name="L_sub" units="micrometre" initial_value="0.02"/>
      <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>V_cell</ci>
            <apply>
               <times/>
               <cn cellml:units="picolitre_per_femtolitre">0.001</cn>
               <pi/>
               <apply>
                  <power/>
                  <ci>R_cell</ci>
                  <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
               </apply>
               <ci>L_cell</ci>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>V_sub</ci>
            <apply>
               <times/>
               <cn cellml:units="picolitre_per_femtolitre">0.001</cn>
               <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
               <pi/>
               <ci>L_sub</ci>
               <apply>
                  <minus/>
                  <ci>R_cell</ci>
                  <apply>
                     <divide/>
                     <ci>L_sub</ci>
                     <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
               <ci>L_cell</ci>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>V_jsr</ci>
            <apply>
               <times/>
               <ci>V_jsr_part</ci>
               <ci>V_cell</ci>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>V_i</ci>
            <apply>
               <minus/>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <ci>V_i_part</ci>
                  <ci>V_cell</ci>
               </apply>
               <ci>V_sub</ci>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>V_nsr</ci>
            <apply>
               <times/>
               <ci>V_nsr_part</ci>
               <ci>V_cell</ci>
            </apply>
         </apply>
      </math>
   </component>
   <group>
      <relationship_ref relationship="encapsulation"/>
      <component_ref component="i_CaL">
         <component_ref component="i_CaL_dL_gate"/>
         <component_ref component="i_CaL_fL_gate"/>
         <component_ref component="i_CaL_fCa_gate"/>
      </component_ref>
      <component_ref component="i_CaT">
         <component_ref component="i_CaT_dT_gate"/>
         <component_ref component="i_CaT_fT_gate"/>
      </component_ref>
      <component_ref component="i_Kr">
         <component_ref component="i_Kr_pa_gate"/>
         <component_ref component="i_Kr_pi_gate"/>
      </component_ref>
      <component_ref component="i_Ks">
         <component_ref component="i_Ks_n_gate"/>
      </component_ref>
      <component_ref component="AP_sensitive_currents">
         <component_ref component="AP_sensitive_currents_q_gate"/>
         <component_ref component="AP_sensitive_currents_r_gate"/>
      </component_ref>
      <component_ref component="i_f">
         <component_ref component="i_f_y_gate"/>
      </component_ref>
      <component_ref component="i_st">
         <component_ref component="i_st_qa_gate"/>
         <component_ref component="i_st_qi_gate"/>
      </component_ref>
   </group>
   <connection>
      <map_components component_1="Vm" component_2="environment"/>
      <map_variables variable_1="time" variable_2="time"/>
   </connection>
   <connection>
      <map_components component_1="i_CaL" component_2="environment"/>
      <map_variables variable_1="time" variable_2="time"/>
   </connection>
   <connection>
      <map_components component_1="i_CaT" component_2="environment"/>
      <map_variables variable_1="time" variable_2="time"/>
   </connection>
   <connection>
      <map_components component_1="i_Kr" component_2="environment"/>
      <map_variables variable_1="time" variable_2="time"/>
   </connection>
   <connection>
      <map_components component_1="i_Ks" component_2="environment"/>
      <map_variables variable_1="time" variable_2="time"/>
   </connection>
   <connection>
      <map_components component_1="AP_sensitive_currents" component_2="environment"/>
      <map_variables variable_1="time" variable_2="time"/>
   </connection>
   <connection>
      <map_components component_1="i_f" component_2="environment"/>
      <map_variables variable_1="time" variable_2="time"/>
   </connection>
   <connection>
      <map_components component_1="i_st" component_2="environment"/>
      <map_variables variable_1="time" variable_2="time"/>
   </connection>
   <connection>
      <map_components component_1="i_NaCa" component_2="environment"/>
      <map_variables variable_1="time" variable_2="time"/>
   </connection>
   <connection>
      <map_components component_1="i_NaK" component_2="environment"/>
      <map_variables variable_1="time" variable_2="time"/>
   </connection>
   <connection>
      <map_components component_1="j_SRCarel" component_2="environment"/>
      <map_variables variable_1="time" variable_2="time"/>
   </connection>
   <connection>
      <map_components component_1="calcium_buffering" component_2="environment"/>
      <map_variables variable_1="time" variable_2="time"/>
   </connection>
   <connection>
      <map_components component_1="calcium_dynamics" component_2="environment"/>
      <map_variables variable_1="time" variable_2="time"/>
   </connection>
   <connection>
      <map_components component_1="i_CaL" component_2="Vm"/>
      <map_variables variable_1="Vm" variable_2="Vm"/>
      <map_variables variable_1="i_CaL" variable_2="i_CaL"/>
   </connection>
   <connection>
      <map_components component_1="i_CaT" component_2="Vm"/>
      <map_variables variable_1="Vm" variable_2="Vm"/>
      <map_variables variable_1="i_CaT" variable_2="i_CaT"/>
   </connection>
   <connection>
      <map_components component_1="i_Kr" component_2="Vm"/>
      <map_variables variable_1="Vm" variable_2="Vm"/>
      <map_variables variable_1="i_Kr" variable_2="i_Kr"/>
   </connection>
   <connection>
      <map_components component_1="i_Ks" component_2="Vm"/>
      <map_variables variable_1="Vm" variable_2="Vm"/>
      <map_variables variable_1="i_Ks" variable_2="i_Ks"/>
   </connection>
   <connection>
      <map_components component_1="AP_sensitive_currents" component_2="Vm"/>
      <map_variables variable_1="Vm" variable_2="Vm"/>
      <map_variables variable_1="i_to" variable_2="i_to"/>
      <map_variables variable_1="i_sus" variable_2="i_sus"/>
   </connection>
   <connection>
      <map_components component_1="i_f" component_2="Vm"/>
      <map_variables variable_1="Vm" variable_2="Vm"/>
      <map_variables variable_1="i_f" variable_2="i_f"/>
   </connection>
   <connection>
      <map_components component_1="i_st" component_2="Vm"/>
      <map_variables variable_1="Vm" variable_2="Vm"/>
      <map_variables variable_1="i_st" variable_2="i_st"/>
   </connection>
   <connection>
      <map_components component_1="i_b_Na" component_2="Vm"/>
      <map_variables variable_1="Vm" variable_2="Vm"/>
      <map_variables variable_1="i_b_Na" variable_2="i_b_Na"/>
   </connection>
   <connection>
      <map_components component_1="i_b_Ca" component_2="Vm"/>
      <map_variables variable_1="Vm" variable_2="Vm"/>
      <map_variables variable_1="i_b_Ca" variable_2="i_b_Ca"/>
   </connection>
   <connection>
      <map_components component_1="i_NaK" component_2="Vm"/>
      <map_variables variable_1="Vm" variable_2="Vm"/>
      <map_variables variable_1="i_NaK" variable_2="i_NaK"/>
   </connection>
   <connection>
      <map_components component_1="i_NaCa" component_2="Vm"/>
      <map_variables variable_1="Vm" variable_2="Vm"/>
      <map_variables variable_1="i_NaCa" variable_2="i_NaCa"/>
   </connection>
   <connection>
      <map_components component_1="Vm" component_2="model_parameters"/>
      <map_variables variable_1="Cm" variable_2="Cm"/>
   </connection>
   <connection>
      <map_components component_1="electric_potentials" component_2="model_parameters"/>
      <map_variables variable_1="Nai" variable_2="Nai"/>
      <map_variables variable_1="Nao" variable_2="Nao"/>
      <map_variables variable_1="Ki" variable_2="Ki"/>
      <map_variables variable_1="Ko" variable_2="Ko"/>
      <map_variables variable_1="R" variable_2="R"/>
      <map_variables variable_1="F" variable_2="F"/>
      <map_variables variable_1="T" variable_2="T"/>
   </connection>
   <connection>
      <map_components component_1="electric_potentials" component_2="i_Kr"/>
      <map_variables variable_1="E_K" variable_2="E_K"/>
   </connection>
   <connection>
      <map_components component_1="electric_potentials" component_2="i_Ks"/>
      <map_variables variable_1="E_Ks" variable_2="E_Ks"/>
   </connection>
   <connection>
      <map_components component_1="electric_potentials" component_2="AP_sensitive_currents"/>
      <map_variables variable_1="E_K" variable_2="E_K"/>
   </connection>
   <connection>
      <map_components component_1="i_f" component_2="electric_potentials"/>
      <map_variables variable_1="E_Na" variable_2="E_Na"/>
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   <connection>
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      <map_variables variable_1="TC_tot" variable_2="TC_tot"/>
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      <map_variables variable_1="delta_fTMC" variable_2="delta_fTMC"/>
      <map_variables variable_1="delta_fCMi" variable_2="delta_fCMi"/>
      <map_variables variable_1="delta_fCMs" variable_2="delta_fCMs"/>
      <map_variables variable_1="delta_fTC" variable_2="delta_fTC"/>
      <map_variables variable_1="delta_fCQ" variable_2="delta_fCQ"/>
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      <map_variables variable_1="time" variable_2="time"/>
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   <connection>
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      <map_variables variable_1="time" variable_2="time"/>
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      <map_variables variable_1="paS" variable_2="paS"/>
      <map_variables variable_1="time" variable_2="time"/>
      <map_variables variable_1="Vm" variable_2="Vm"/>
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   <connection>
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      <map_variables variable_1="time" variable_2="time"/>
      <map_variables variable_1="Vm" variable_2="Vm"/>
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   <connection>
      <map_components component_1="i_Ks" component_2="i_Ks_n_gate"/>
      <map_variables variable_1="n" variable_2="n"/>
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      <map_variables variable_1="Vm" variable_2="Vm"/>
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   <connection>
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   <connection>
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      <map_variables variable_1="r" variable_2="r"/>
      <map_variables variable_1="time" variable_2="time"/>
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      <map_variables variable_1="y" variable_2="y"/>
      <map_variables variable_1="time" variable_2="time"/>
      <map_variables variable_1="Vm" variable_2="Vm"/>
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   <connection>
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      <map_variables variable_1="qa" variable_2="qa"/>
      <map_variables variable_1="time" variable_2="time"/>
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      <map_components component_1="i_st" component_2="i_st_qi_gate"/>
      <map_variables variable_1="qi" variable_2="qi"/>
      <map_variables variable_1="time" variable_2="time"/>
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	<rdf:Description rdf:nodeID="ref">
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          Synergism of coupled subsarcolemmal Ca2+ clocks and sarcolemmal voltage clocks confers robust and flexible pacemaker function in a novel pacemaker cell model.
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          <dc:title>Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol.</dc:title>
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</model>