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<!--
This CellML file was generated on 30/10/2007 at 17:17:44 using:
COR (0.9.31.801)
Copyright 2002-2007 Dr Alan Garny
http://COR.physiol.ox.ac.uk/ - COR@physiol.ox.ac.uk
CellML 1.0 was used to generate this cellular model
http://www.CellML.org/
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<article>
<articleinfo>
<title>McAllister-Noble-Tsien Purkinje Fibre Model 1975</title>
<author>
<firstname>Catherine</firstname>
<surname>Lloyd</surname>
<affiliation>
<shortaffil>Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland</shortaffil>
</affiliation>
</author>
</articleinfo>
<section id="sec_status">
<title>Model Status</title>
<para>
This is a code and units checked version of the model including two variants - A and B - with different formulations for the transient chloride current r gate. The kinetics for this gate in Model B come from an extensive study by Fozzard and Hiraoka. Results using model A are very dependent on initial conditions. Model B has a notch which is less frequency labile than that of model A. This is model B. The model runs in both OpenCell and COR to replicate the published results. The units have been checked and are consistent.
</para>
</section>
<sect1 id="sec_structure">
<title>Model Structure</title>
<para>
Following Denis Noble's 1962 model of cardiac action potentials in Purkinje fibres, the next significant development in cardiac membrane modelling occurred when R.E. McAllister, D. Noble and R.W. Tsien (1975) published a paper which formulated new ionic current equations based on new experimental data. The description of the kinetics of the currents is still based on the Hodgkin-Huxley formalism, but the currents themselves incorporate some significant new changes, and the total ionic current is broken down into nine discrete, individual ionic fluxes (see the figure below).
</para>
<para>
The complete original paper reference is cited below:
</para>
<para>
Reconstruction of the Electrical Activity of Cardiac Purkinje Fibres, McAllister, R.E. Noble, D. and Tsien, R.W. 1975,
<emphasis>Journal of Physiology</emphasis>, 251, 1-59. <ulink url="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1185607&dopt=Abstract">PubMed ID: 1185607</ulink>
</para>
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<title>cell diagram of the MNT model showing ionic currents across the sarcoplasmic reticulum</title>
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<caption>A schematic diagram describing the current flows across the cell membrane that are captured in the MNT model.</caption>
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</sect1>
</article>
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<divide/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">50</cn>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">12.1</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">50</cn>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">17.5</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>beta_x1</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millisecond">0.0013</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">20</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">16.67</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">20</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">25</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>x1</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>alpha_x1</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<ci>x1</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>beta_x1</ci>
<ci>x1</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="plateau_potassium_current2">
<variable units="microA_per_cm2" public_interface="out" name="i_x2"/>
<variable units="microA_per_cm2" name="I_x2"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="time"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="V"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" private_interface="in" name="x2"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_x2</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>x2</ci>
<ci>I_x2</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>I_x2</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="microA_per_cm2">25</cn>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="microA_per_cm2">1</cn>
<cn cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.385</cn>
<ci>V</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="plateau_potassium_current2_x2_gate">
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="x2" initial_value="0.0176854"/>
<variable units="per_millisecond" name="alpha_x2"/>
<variable units="per_millisecond" name="beta_x2"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>alpha_x2</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millisecond">0.000127</cn>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">19</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">5</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>beta_x2</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millisecond">0.0003</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">20</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">16.67</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">20</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">25</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>x2</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>alpha_x2</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<ci>x2</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>beta_x2</ci>
<ci>x2</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="transient_chloride_current">
<variable units="microA_per_cm2" public_interface="out" name="i_qr"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="out" name="E_Cl" initial_value="-70"/>
<variable units="milliS_per_cm2" name="g_qr" initial_value="2.5"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="time"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="V"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" private_interface="in" name="q"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" private_interface="in" name="r"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_qr</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>g_qr</ci>
<ci>q</ci>
<ci>r</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<ci>E_Cl</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="transient_chloride_current_q_gate">
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="q" initial_value="3.11285794"/>
<variable units="per_millisecond" name="alpha_q"/>
<variable units="per_millisecond" name="beta_q"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>alpha_q</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millivolt_millisecond">0.008</cn>
<ci>V</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.1</cn>
</apply>
<ci>V</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>beta_q</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millisecond">0.08</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.0888</cn>
</apply>
<ci>V</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>q</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>alpha_q</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<ci>q</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>beta_q</ci>
<ci>q</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="transient_chloride_current_r_gate">
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="r" initial_value="0.13500116"/>
<variable units="per_millisecond" name="alpha_r"/>
<variable units="per_millisecond" name="beta_r"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>alpha_r</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millisecond">0.000033</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">17</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>beta_r</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millisecond">0.033</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">30</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">8</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>r</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>alpha_r</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<ci>r</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>beta_r</ci>
<ci>r</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="time_independent_outward_current">
<variable units="microA_per_cm2" public_interface="out" name="i_K1"/>
<variable units="millivolt" name="E_K1" initial_value="-30"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<variable units="microA_per_cm2" public_interface="in" name="I_K2"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_K1</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>I_K2</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2.8</cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="milliS_per_cm2">0.2</cn>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<ci>E_K1</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<ci>E_K1</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">25</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="sodium_background_current">
<variable units="microA_per_cm2" public_interface="out" name="i_Na_b"/>
<variable units="milliS_per_cm2" name="g_Nab" initial_value="0.105"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="E_Na"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_Na_b</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>g_Nab</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<ci>E_Na</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="chloride_background_current">
<variable units="microA_per_cm2" public_interface="out" name="i_Cl_b"/>
<variable units="milliS_per_cm2" name="g_Clb" initial_value="0.01"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="E_Cl"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_Cl_b</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>g_Clb</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<ci>E_Cl</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<group>
<relationship_ref relationship="containment"/>
<component_ref component="membrane">
<component_ref component="fast_sodium_current">
<component_ref component="fast_sodium_current_m_gate"/>
<component_ref component="fast_sodium_current_h_gate"/>
</component_ref>
<component_ref component="secondary_inward_current">
<component_ref component="secondary_inward_current_d_gate"/>
<component_ref component="secondary_inward_current_f_gate"/>
<component_ref component="secondary_inward_current_d1_gate"/>
</component_ref>
<component_ref component="pacemaker_potassium_current">
<component_ref component="pacemaker_potassium_current_s_gate"/>
</component_ref>
<component_ref component="plateau_potassium_current1">
<component_ref component="plateau_potassium_current1_x1_gate"/>
</component_ref>
<component_ref component="plateau_potassium_current2">
<component_ref component="plateau_potassium_current2_x2_gate"/>
</component_ref>
<component_ref component="transient_chloride_current">
<component_ref component="transient_chloride_current_q_gate"/>
<component_ref component="transient_chloride_current_r_gate"/>
</component_ref>
<component_ref component="time_independent_outward_current"/>
<component_ref component="sodium_background_current"/>
<component_ref component="chloride_background_current"/>
</component_ref>
</group>
<group>
<relationship_ref relationship="encapsulation"/>
<component_ref component="fast_sodium_current">
<component_ref component="fast_sodium_current_m_gate"/>
<component_ref component="fast_sodium_current_h_gate"/>
</component_ref>
<component_ref component="secondary_inward_current">
<component_ref component="secondary_inward_current_d_gate"/>
<component_ref component="secondary_inward_current_f_gate"/>
<component_ref component="secondary_inward_current_d1_gate"/>
</component_ref>
<component_ref component="pacemaker_potassium_current">
<component_ref component="pacemaker_potassium_current_s_gate"/>
</component_ref>
<component_ref component="transient_chloride_current">
<component_ref component="transient_chloride_current_q_gate"/>
<component_ref component="transient_chloride_current_r_gate"/>
</component_ref>
<component_ref component="plateau_potassium_current1">
<component_ref component="plateau_potassium_current1_x1_gate"/>
</component_ref>
<component_ref component="plateau_potassium_current2">
<component_ref component="plateau_potassium_current2_x2_gate"/>
</component_ref>
</group>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="membrane"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="fast_sodium_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="secondary_inward_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="pacemaker_potassium_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="plateau_potassium_current1"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="plateau_potassium_current2"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="transient_chloride_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="time_independent_outward_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="sodium_background_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="chloride_background_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="fast_sodium_current" component_1="membrane"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_Na" variable_1="i_Na"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="membrane" component_1="secondary_inward_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_si" variable_1="i_si"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="membrane" component_1="pacemaker_potassium_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_K2" variable_1="i_K2"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="membrane" component_1="plateau_potassium_current1"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_x1" variable_1="i_x1"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="membrane" component_1="plateau_potassium_current2"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_x2" variable_1="i_x2"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="membrane" component_1="transient_chloride_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_qr" variable_1="i_qr"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="membrane" component_1="time_independent_outward_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_K1" variable_1="i_K1"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="membrane" component_1="sodium_background_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_Na_b" variable_1="i_Na_b"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="membrane" component_1="chloride_background_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_Cl_b" variable_1="i_Cl_b"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="fast_sodium_current" component_1="sodium_background_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="E_Na" variable_1="E_Na"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="pacemaker_potassium_current" component_1="time_independent_outward_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="I_K2" variable_1="I_K2"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="chloride_background_current" component_1="transient_chloride_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="E_Cl" variable_1="E_Cl"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="fast_sodium_current_m_gate" component_1="fast_sodium_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="m" variable_1="m"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="fast_sodium_current_h_gate" component_1="fast_sodium_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="h" variable_1="h"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="secondary_inward_current_d_gate" component_1="secondary_inward_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="d" variable_1="d"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="secondary_inward_current_f_gate" component_1="secondary_inward_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="f" variable_1="f"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="secondary_inward_current_d1_gate" component_1="secondary_inward_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="d1" variable_1="d1"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="pacemaker_potassium_current_s_gate" component_1="pacemaker_potassium_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="s" variable_1="s"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="transient_chloride_current_q_gate" component_1="transient_chloride_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="q" variable_1="q"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="transient_chloride_current_r_gate" component_1="transient_chloride_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="r" variable_1="r"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="plateau_potassium_current1_x1_gate" component_1="plateau_potassium_current1"/>
<map_variables variable_2="x1" variable_1="x1"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="plateau_potassium_current2_x2_gate" component_1="plateau_potassium_current2"/>
<map_variables variable_2="x2" variable_1="x2"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
</connection>
<rdf:RDF>
<rdf:Seq rdf:about="rdf:#1dbcde7b-8afa-4d74-b529-93bbe461afde">
<rdf:li rdf:resource="rdf:#8c7aaa68-0491-49b6-918c-862fccb67d3d"/>
<rdf:li rdf:resource="rdf:#f496eb4b-3d30-4162-9ddb-f0506ae5caef"/>
<rdf:li rdf:resource="rdf:#4212eb71-fedc-4d82-905a-077cc728a7ef"/>
</rdf:Seq>
<rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#014cf32a-7015-494b-b6d2-2b6c88c13654">
<vCard:FN/>
</rdf:Description>
<rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#ff05fdbf-c6a6-4373-9dd5-0b80002dc841">
<dcterms:W3CDTF>2008-05-13T00:00:00+00:00</dcterms:W3CDTF>
</rdf:Description>
<rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#2d7eb340-1018-4969-9a83-e33e1788b2aa">
<vCard:Given>Catherine</vCard:Given>
<vCard:Family>Lloyd</vCard:Family>
<vCard:Other/>
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<dc:title>Reconstruction of the electrical activity of cardiac Purkinje fibres (Model B)</dc:title>
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<dc:title>Reconstruction of the electrical activity of cardiac Purkinje fibres.</dc:title>
<bqs:volume>251</bqs:volume>
<bqs:first_page>1</bqs:first_page>
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<bqs:last_page>59</bqs:last_page>
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<rdf:value>Following Denis Noble's 1962 model of cardiac action potentials in Purkinje fibres, the next significant development in cardiac membrane modelling occurred when R.E. McAllister, D. Noble and R.W. Tsien (1975) published a paper which formulated new ionic current equations based on new experimental data. The description of the kinetics of the currents is still based on the Hodgkin-Huxley formalism, but the currents themselves incorporate some significant new changes, and the total ionic current is broken down into nine discrete, individual ionic fluxes (see the figure below). </rdf:value>
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<rdf:value>Curation of units.
Model split into variants models A and B. This is model B.</rdf:value>
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<vCard:FN>Penny Noble</vCard:FN>
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<vCard:Orgname>University of Auckland</vCard:Orgname>
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<dcterms:W3CDTF>1975-09-00 00:00</dcterms:W3CDTF>
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<dcterms:W3CDTF>2008-05-13T01:34:21+12:00</dcterms:W3CDTF>
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<rdf:value>c.lloyd@auckland.ac.nz</rdf:value>
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<dc:title>Journal of Physiology</dc:title>
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