Rendering of the source text

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This CellML file was generated on 15/01/2008 at 11:28:40 using:

COR (0.9.31.857)
Copyright 2002-2008 Dr Alan Garny
http://COR.physiol.ox.ac.uk/ - COR@physiol.ox.ac.uk

CellML 1.0 was used to generate this cellular model
http://www.CellML.org/
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<article>
  <articleinfo>
  <title>Canine Ventricular Cell Model, 1999</title>
  <author>
    <firstname>Catherine</firstname>
          <surname>Lloyd</surname>
    <affiliation>
      <shortaffil>Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland</shortaffil>
    </affiliation>
  </author>
</articleinfo>
  <section id="sec_status">
    <title>Model Status</title>
    <para>
            This model has been curated and unit-checked by Penny Noble and is known to run in PCEnv and COR to replicate the published results.
          </para>
  </section>
  <sect1 id="sec_structure">
<title>Model Structure</title>

<para>
In 1999 Raimond Winslow, Jeremy Rice, Saleet Jafri, Eduardo Marban and Brian O'Rourke published a computational model of the action potential and of intracellular Ca<superscript>2+</superscript> handling in normal and failing canine ventricular myocytes.  Using the experimental data of O'Rourke <emphasis>et al</emphasis> (1999) they modified Jafri <emphasis>et al's</emphasis> guinea pig ventricular cell model (1999) to make it appropriate for canine midmyocardial cells (see the figure below).  The CellML description here is of the normal canine ventricular myocyte model.  In failing myocytes i_to1 and i_K1 are down regulated on average by 66 percent and 32 percent respectively.  The kinetic properties of i_to1 and the gating behaviour if i_K1 remain unaltered.  Only the number of expressed channels is reduced (the control may be pre- or post-transcriptional but it is not post-translational).  On the basis of these data, the effects of terminal heart failure are modelled by reducing the peak conductance of i_to1 and i_K1.  Downregulation of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca<superscript>2+</superscript> pump is modelled by simultaneous scaling of both the forward and reverse maximum pump rates V<subscript>maxf</subscript> and V<subscript>maxr</subscript> by a scale factor K<subscript>SR</subscript>.  Upregulation of the Na-Ca exchanger is modelled by increasing a scale factor K<subscript>NaCa</subscript>. 
</para>

<para>
The complete original paper reference is cited below:
</para>

<para>
<ulink url="http://circres.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/84/5/571">Mechanisms of Altered Excitation-Contraction Coupling in Canine Tachycardia-Induced Heart Failure, II Model Studies</ulink>, Raimond L. Winslow, Jeremy Rice, Saleet Jafri, Eduardo Marban and Brian O'Rourke, 1999, <ulink url="http://circres.ahajournals.org/">
            <emphasis>Circulation Research</emphasis>
          </ulink>, 84, 571-586.  <ulink url="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;list_uids=10082479&amp;dopt=Abstract">PubMed ID: 10082479</ulink>
</para>

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  <imageobject>
    <objectinfo>
      <title>cell diagram of the Winslow et al ventricular cell model showing ionic currents, pumps and exchangers within the sarcolemma and the sarcoplasmic reticulum</title>
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    <imagedata fileref="winslow_1999.png"/>
  </imageobject>
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<caption>A schematic diagram describing the current flows across the cell membrane that are captured in the Winslow <emphasis>et al</emphasis> canine ventricular cell model.</caption>
</informalfigure>

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</sect1>
</article>
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                              <ci>V</ci>
                           </apply>
                        </apply>
                     </apply>
                     <apply>
                        <plus/>
                        <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
                        <apply>
                           <exp/>
                           <apply>
                              <times/>
                              <apply>
                                 <minus/>
                                 <cn cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.1378</cn>
                              </apply>
                              <apply>
                                 <plus/>
                                 <ci>V</ci>
                                 <cn cellml:units="millivolt">40.14</cn>
                              </apply>
                           </apply>
                        </apply>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
                  <apply>
                     <lt/>
                     <ci>V</ci>
                     <apply>
                        <minus/>
                        <cn cellml:units="millivolt">40</cn>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
               </piece>
               <otherwise>
                  <apply>
                     <divide/>
                     <apply>
                        <times/>
                        <cn cellml:units="per_second">300</cn>
                        <apply>
                           <exp/>
                           <apply>
                              <times/>
                              <apply>
                                 <minus/>
                                 <cn cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.0000002535</cn>
                              </apply>
                              <ci>V</ci>
                           </apply>
                        </apply>
                     </apply>
                     <apply>
                        <plus/>
                        <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
                        <apply>
                           <exp/>
                           <apply>
                              <times/>
                              <apply>
                                 <minus/>
                                 <cn cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.1</cn>
                              </apply>
                              <apply>
                                 <plus/>
                                 <ci>V</ci>
                                 <cn cellml:units="millivolt">32</cn>
                              </apply>
                           </apply>
                        </apply>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
               </otherwise>
            </piecewise>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <apply>
               <diff/>
               <bvar>
                  <ci>time</ci>
               </bvar>
               <ci>j</ci>
            </apply>
            <apply>
               <minus/>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <ci>alpha_j</ci>
                  <apply>
                     <minus/>
                     <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
                     <ci>j</ci>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <ci>beta_j</ci>
                  <ci>j</ci>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
      </math>
   </component>
   <component name="rapid_activating_delayed_rectifiyer_K_current">
      <variable units="microA_per_microF" public_interface="out" name="i_Kr"/>
      <variable units="millivolt" public_interface="out" name="E_K"/>
      <variable units="milliS_per_microF" name="g_Kr" initial_value="0.0034"/>
      <variable units="dimensionless" name="f_Ko"/>
      <variable units="dimensionless" name="R_V"/>
      <variable units="second" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="time"/>
      <variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="V"/>
      <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Ko"/>
      <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Ki"/>
      <variable units="joule_per_mole_kelvin" public_interface="in" name="R"/>
      <variable units="kelvin" public_interface="in" name="T"/>
      <variable units="coulomb_per_millimole" public_interface="in" name="F"/>
      <variable units="dimensionless" private_interface="in" name="X_kr"/>
      <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>E_K</ci>
            <apply>
               <times/>
               <apply>
                  <divide/>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <ci>R</ci>
                     <ci>T</ci>
                  </apply>
                  <ci>F</ci>
               </apply>
               <apply>
                  <ln/>
                  <apply>
                     <divide/>
                     <ci>Ko</ci>
                     <ci>Ki</ci>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>f_Ko</ci>
            <apply>
               <root/>
               <apply>
                  <divide/>
                  <ci>Ko</ci>
                  <cn cellml:units="millimolar">4</cn>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>R_V</ci>
            <apply>
               <divide/>
               <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
               <apply>
                  <plus/>
                  <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1.4945</cn>
                     <apply>
                        <exp/>
                        <apply>
                           <times/>
                           <cn cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.0446</cn>
                           <ci>V</ci>
                        </apply>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>i_Kr</ci>
            <apply>
               <times/>
               <ci>g_Kr</ci>
               <ci>f_Ko</ci>
               <ci>R_V</ci>
               <ci>X_kr</ci>
               <apply>
                  <minus/>
                  <ci>V</ci>
                  <ci>E_K</ci>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
      </math>
   </component>
   <component name="rapid_activating_delayed_rectifiyer_K_current_X_kr_gate">
      <variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="X_kr" initial_value="0.51"/>
      <variable units="dimensionless" name="K12"/>
      <variable units="dimensionless" name="K21"/>
      <variable units="dimensionless" name="X_kr_inf"/>
      <variable units="second" name="tau_X_kr"/>
      <variable units="dimensionless" name="tau_factor" initial_value="1"/>
      <variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
      <variable units="second" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
      <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>K12</ci>
            <apply>
               <exp/>
               <apply>
                  <plus/>
                  <apply>
                     <minus/>
                     <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">5.495</cn>
                  </apply>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <cn cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.1691</cn>
                     <ci>V</ci>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>K21</ci>
            <apply>
               <exp/>
               <apply>
                  <minus/>
                  <apply>
                     <minus/>
                     <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">7.677</cn>
                  </apply>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <cn cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.0128</cn>
                     <ci>V</ci>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>X_kr_inf</ci>
            <apply>
               <divide/>
               <ci>K12</ci>
               <apply>
                  <plus/>
                  <ci>K12</ci>
                  <ci>K21</ci>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>tau_X_kr</ci>
            <apply>
               <plus/>
               <apply>
                  <divide/>
                  <cn cellml:units="second">0.001</cn>
                  <apply>
                     <plus/>
                     <ci>K12</ci>
                     <ci>K21</ci>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <ci>tau_factor</ci>
                  <cn cellml:units="second">0.027</cn>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <apply>
               <diff/>
               <bvar>
                  <ci>time</ci>
               </bvar>
               <ci>X_kr</ci>
            </apply>
            <apply>
               <divide/>
               <apply>
                  <minus/>
                  <ci>X_kr_inf</ci>
                  <ci>X_kr</ci>
               </apply>
               <ci>tau_X_kr</ci>
            </apply>
         </apply>
      </math>
   </component>
   <component name="slow_activating_delayed_rectifiyer_K_current">
      <variable units="microA_per_microF" public_interface="out" name="i_Ks"/>
      <variable units="milliS_per_microF" name="g_Ks" initial_value="0.0027134"/>
      <variable units="millivolt" name="E_Ks"/>
      <variable units="second" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="time"/>
      <variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="V"/>
      <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Ko"/>
      <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Ki"/>
      <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Nao"/>
      <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Nai"/>
      <variable units="joule_per_mole_kelvin" public_interface="in" name="R"/>
      <variable units="kelvin" public_interface="in" name="T"/>
      <variable units="coulomb_per_millimole" public_interface="in" name="F"/>
      <variable units="dimensionless" private_interface="in" name="X_ks"/>
      <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>E_Ks</ci>
            <apply>
               <times/>
               <apply>
                  <divide/>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <ci>R</ci>
                     <ci>T</ci>
                  </apply>
                  <ci>F</ci>
               </apply>
               <apply>
                  <ln/>
                  <apply>
                     <divide/>
                     <apply>
                        <plus/>
                        <ci>Ko</ci>
                        <apply>
                           <times/>
                           <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.01833</cn>
                           <ci>Nao</ci>
                        </apply>
                     </apply>
                     <apply>
                        <plus/>
                        <ci>Ki</ci>
                        <apply>
                           <times/>
                           <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.01833</cn>
                           <ci>Nai</ci>
                        </apply>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>i_Ks</ci>
            <apply>
               <times/>
               <ci>g_Ks</ci>
               <apply>
                  <power/>
                  <ci>X_ks</ci>
                  <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
               </apply>
               <apply>
                  <minus/>
                  <ci>V</ci>
                  <ci>E_Ks</ci>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
      </math>
   </component>
   <component name="slow_activating_delayed_rectifiyer_K_current_X_ks_gate">
      <variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="X_ks" initial_value="0.264"/>
      <variable units="second" name="tau_X_ks"/>
      <variable units="dimensionless" name="X_ks_infinity"/>
      <variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
      <variable units="second" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
      <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>X_ks_infinity</ci>
            <apply>
               <divide/>
               <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
               <apply>
                  <plus/>
                  <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
                  <apply>
                     <exp/>
                     <apply>
                        <divide/>
                        <apply>
                           <minus/>
                           <apply>
                              <minus/>
                              <ci>V</ci>
                              <cn cellml:units="millivolt">24.7</cn>
                           </apply>
                        </apply>
                        <cn cellml:units="millivolt">13.6</cn>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>tau_X_ks</ci>
            <apply>
               <divide/>
               <cn cellml:units="second">0.001</cn>
               <apply>
                  <plus/>
                  <apply>
                     <divide/>
                     <apply>
                        <times/>
                        <cn cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.0000719</cn>
                        <apply>
                           <minus/>
                           <ci>V</ci>
                           <cn cellml:units="millivolt">10</cn>
                        </apply>
                     </apply>
                     <apply>
                        <minus/>
                        <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
                        <apply>
                           <exp/>
                           <apply>
                              <times/>
                              <apply>
                                 <minus/>
                                 <cn cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.148</cn>
                              </apply>
                              <apply>
                                 <minus/>
                                 <ci>V</ci>
                                 <cn cellml:units="millivolt">10</cn>
                              </apply>
                           </apply>
                        </apply>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
                  <apply>
                     <divide/>
                     <apply>
                        <times/>
                        <cn cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.000131</cn>
                        <apply>
                           <minus/>
                           <ci>V</ci>
                           <cn cellml:units="millivolt">10</cn>
                        </apply>
                     </apply>
                     <apply>
                        <minus/>
                        <apply>
                           <exp/>
                           <apply>
                              <times/>
                              <cn cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.0687</cn>
                              <apply>
                                 <minus/>
                                 <ci>V</ci>
                                 <cn cellml:units="millivolt">10</cn>
                              </apply>
                           </apply>
                        </apply>
                        <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <apply>
               <diff/>
               <bvar>
                  <ci>time</ci>
               </bvar>
               <ci>X_ks</ci>
            </apply>
            <apply>
               <divide/>
               <apply>
                  <minus/>
                  <ci>X_ks_infinity</ci>
                  <ci>X_ks</ci>
               </apply>
               <ci>tau_X_ks</ci>
            </apply>
         </apply>
      </math>
   </component>
   <component name="transient_outward_potassium_current">
      <variable units="microA_per_microF" public_interface="out" name="i_to1"/>
      <variable units="milliS_per_microF" name="g_to1" initial_value="0.23815"/>
      <variable units="second" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="time"/>
      <variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="V"/>
      <variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="E_K"/>
      <variable units="dimensionless" private_interface="in" name="X_to1"/>
      <variable units="dimensionless" private_interface="in" name="Y_to1"/>
      <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>i_to1</ci>
            <apply>
               <times/>
               <ci>g_to1</ci>
               <ci>X_to1</ci>
               <ci>Y_to1</ci>
               <apply>
                  <minus/>
                  <ci>V</ci>
                  <ci>E_K</ci>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
      </math>
   </component>
   <component name="transient_outward_potassium_current_X_to1_gate">
      <variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="X_to1" initial_value="2.63"/>
      <variable units="per_second" name="alpha_X_to1"/>
      <variable units="per_second" name="beta_X_to1"/>
      <variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
      <variable units="second" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
      <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>alpha_X_to1</ci>
            <apply>
               <times/>
               <cn cellml:units="per_second">45.16</cn>
               <apply>
                  <exp/>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <cn cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.03577</cn>
                     <ci>V</ci>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>beta_X_to1</ci>
            <apply>
               <times/>
               <cn cellml:units="per_second">98.9</cn>
               <apply>
                  <exp/>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <apply>
                        <minus/>
                        <cn cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.06237</cn>
                     </apply>
                     <ci>V</ci>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <apply>
               <diff/>
               <bvar>
                  <ci>time</ci>
               </bvar>
               <ci>X_to1</ci>
            </apply>
            <apply>
               <minus/>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <ci>alpha_X_to1</ci>
                  <apply>
                     <minus/>
                     <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
                     <ci>X_to1</ci>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <ci>beta_X_to1</ci>
                  <ci>X_to1</ci>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
      </math>
   </component>
   <component name="transient_outward_potassium_current_Y_to1_gate">
      <variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="Y_to1" initial_value="0.99"/>
      <variable units="per_second" name="alpha_Y_to1"/>
      <variable units="per_second" name="beta_Y_to1"/>
      <variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
      <variable units="second" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
      <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>alpha_Y_to1</ci>
            <apply>
               <divide/>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <cn cellml:units="per_second">5.415</cn>
                  <apply>
                     <exp/>
                     <apply>
                        <divide/>
                        <apply>
                           <minus/>
                           <apply>
                              <plus/>
                              <ci>V</ci>
                              <cn cellml:units="millivolt">33.5</cn>
                           </apply>
                        </apply>
                        <cn cellml:units="millivolt">5</cn>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
               <apply>
                  <plus/>
                  <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.051335</cn>
                     <apply>
                        <exp/>
                        <apply>
                           <divide/>
                           <apply>
                              <minus/>
                              <apply>
                                 <plus/>
                                 <ci>V</ci>
                                 <cn cellml:units="millivolt">33.5</cn>
                              </apply>
                           </apply>
                           <cn cellml:units="millivolt">5</cn>
                        </apply>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>beta_Y_to1</ci>
            <apply>
               <divide/>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <cn cellml:units="per_second">5.415</cn>
                  <apply>
                     <exp/>
                     <apply>
                        <divide/>
                        <apply>
                           <plus/>
                           <ci>V</ci>
                           <cn cellml:units="millivolt">33.5</cn>
                        </apply>
                        <cn cellml:units="millivolt">5</cn>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
               <apply>
                  <plus/>
                  <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.051335</cn>
                     <apply>
                        <exp/>
                        <apply>
                           <divide/>
                           <apply>
                              <plus/>
                              <ci>V</ci>
                              <cn cellml:units="millivolt">33.5</cn>
                           </apply>
                           <cn cellml:units="millivolt">5</cn>
                        </apply>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <apply>
               <diff/>
               <bvar>
                  <ci>time</ci>
               </bvar>
               <ci>Y_to1</ci>
            </apply>
            <apply>
               <minus/>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <ci>alpha_Y_to1</ci>
                  <apply>
                     <minus/>
                     <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
                     <ci>Y_to1</ci>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <ci>beta_Y_to1</ci>
                  <ci>Y_to1</ci>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
      </math>
   </component>
   <component name="time_independent_potassium_current">
      <variable units="microA_per_microF" public_interface="out" name="i_K1"/>
      <variable units="milliS_per_microF" name="g_K1" initial_value="2.8"/>
      <variable units="millimolar" name="K_mK1" initial_value="13"/>
      <variable units="second" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="time"/>
      <variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="V"/>
      <variable units="joule_per_mole_kelvin" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="R"/>
      <variable units="kelvin" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="T"/>
      <variable units="coulomb_per_millimole" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="F"/>
      <variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="E_K"/>
      <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Ko"/>
      <variable units="dimensionless" private_interface="in" name="K1_infinity_V"/>
      <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>i_K1</ci>
            <apply>
               <times/>
               <apply>
                  <divide/>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <ci>g_K1</ci>
                     <ci>K1_infinity_V</ci>
                     <ci>Ko</ci>
                  </apply>
                  <apply>
                     <plus/>
                     <ci>Ko</ci>
                     <ci>K_mK1</ci>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
               <apply>
                  <minus/>
                  <ci>V</ci>
                  <ci>E_K</ci>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
      </math>
   </component>
   <component name="time_independent_potassium_current_K1_gate">
      <variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="K1_infinity_V"/>
      <variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
      <variable units="second" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
      <variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="E_K"/>
      <variable units="joule_per_mole_kelvin" public_interface="in" name="R"/>
      <variable units="kelvin" public_interface="in" name="T"/>
      <variable units="coulomb_per_millimole" public_interface="in" name="F"/>
      <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>K1_infinity_V</ci>
            <apply>
               <divide/>
               <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
               <apply>
                  <plus/>
                  <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
                  <apply>
                     <exp/>
                     <apply>
                        <times/>
                        <apply>
                           <divide/>
                           <apply>
                              <times/>
                              <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1.5</cn>
                              <ci>F</ci>
                           </apply>
                           <apply>
                              <times/>
                              <ci>R</ci>
                              <ci>T</ci>
                           </apply>
                        </apply>
                        <apply>
                           <minus/>
                           <ci>V</ci>
                           <ci>E_K</ci>
                        </apply>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
      </math>
   </component>
   <component name="plateau_potassium_current">
      <variable units="microA_per_microF" public_interface="out" name="i_Kp"/>
      <variable units="milliS_per_microF" name="g_Kp" initial_value="0.002216"/>
      <variable units="second" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="time"/>
      <variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="V"/>
      <variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="E_K"/>
      <variable units="dimensionless" private_interface="in" name="Kp_V"/>
      <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>i_Kp</ci>
            <apply>
               <times/>
               <ci>g_Kp</ci>
               <ci>Kp_V</ci>
               <apply>
                  <minus/>
                  <ci>V</ci>
                  <ci>E_K</ci>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
      </math>
   </component>
   <component name="plateau_potassium_current_Kp_gate">
      <variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="Kp_V"/>
      <variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
      <variable units="second" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
      <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>Kp_V</ci>
            <apply>
               <divide/>
               <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
               <apply>
                  <plus/>
                  <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
                  <apply>
                     <exp/>
                     <apply>
                        <divide/>
                        <apply>
                           <minus/>
                           <cn cellml:units="millivolt">7.488</cn>
                           <ci>V</ci>
                        </apply>
                        <cn cellml:units="millivolt">5.98</cn>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
      </math>
   </component>
   <component name="Na_Ca_exchanger">
      <variable units="microA_per_microF" public_interface="out" name="i_NaCa"/>
      <variable units="millimolar" name="K_mCa" initial_value="1.38"/>
      <variable units="millimolar" name="K_mNa" initial_value="87.5"/>
      <variable units="microA_per_microF" name="K_NaCa" initial_value="0.3"/>
      <variable units="dimensionless" name="K_sat" initial_value="0.2"/>
      <variable units="dimensionless" name="eta" initial_value="0.35"/>
      <variable units="second" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
      <variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
      <variable units="joule_per_mole_kelvin" public_interface="in" name="R"/>
      <variable units="kelvin" public_interface="in" name="T"/>
      <variable units="coulomb_per_millimole" public_interface="in" name="F"/>
      <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Nai"/>
      <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Nao"/>
      <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Cai"/>
      <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Cao"/>
      <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>i_NaCa</ci>
            <apply>
               <times/>
               <apply>
                  <divide/>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <ci>K_NaCa</ci>
                     <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">5000</cn>
                  </apply>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <apply>
                        <plus/>
                        <apply>
                           <power/>
                           <ci>K_mNa</ci>
                           <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">3</cn>
                        </apply>
                        <apply>
                           <power/>
                           <ci>Nao</ci>
                           <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">3</cn>
                        </apply>
                     </apply>
                     <apply>
                        <plus/>
                        <ci>K_mCa</ci>
                        <ci>Cao</ci>
                     </apply>
                     <apply>
                        <plus/>
                        <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
                        <apply>
                           <times/>
                           <ci>K_sat</ci>
                           <apply>
                              <exp/>
                              <apply>
                                 <divide/>
                                 <apply>
                                    <times/>
                                    <apply>
                                       <minus/>
                                       <ci>eta</ci>
                                       <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
                                    </apply>
                                    <ci>V</ci>
                                    <ci>F</ci>
                                 </apply>
                                 <apply>
                                    <times/>
                                    <ci>R</ci>
                                    <ci>T</ci>
                                 </apply>
                              </apply>
                           </apply>
                        </apply>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
               <apply>
                  <minus/>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <apply>
                        <exp/>
                        <apply>
                           <divide/>
                           <apply>
                              <times/>
                              <ci>eta</ci>
                              <ci>V</ci>
                              <ci>F</ci>
                           </apply>
                           <apply>
                              <times/>
                              <ci>R</ci>
                              <ci>T</ci>
                           </apply>
                        </apply>
                     </apply>
                     <apply>
                        <power/>
                        <ci>Nai</ci>
                        <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">3</cn>
                     </apply>
                     <ci>Cao</ci>
                  </apply>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <apply>
                        <exp/>
                        <apply>
                           <divide/>
                           <apply>
                              <times/>
                              <apply>
                                 <minus/>
                                 <ci>eta</ci>
                                 <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
                              </apply>
                              <ci>V</ci>
                              <ci>F</ci>
                           </apply>
                           <apply>
                              <times/>
                              <ci>R</ci>
                              <ci>T</ci>
                           </apply>
                        </apply>
                     </apply>
                     <apply>
                        <power/>
                        <ci>Nao</ci>
                        <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">3</cn>
                     </apply>
                     <ci>Cai</ci>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
      </math>
   </component>
   <component name="sodium_potassium_pump">
      <variable units="microA_per_microF" public_interface="out" name="i_NaK"/>
      <variable units="microA_per_microF" name="I_NaK" initial_value="0.693"/>
      <variable units="dimensionless" name="f_NaK"/>
      <variable units="millimolar" name="K_mNai" initial_value="10"/>
      <variable units="millimolar" name="K_mKo" initial_value="1.5"/>
      <variable units="dimensionless" name="sigma"/>
      <variable units="second" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
      <variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
      <variable units="joule_per_mole_kelvin" public_interface="in" name="R"/>
      <variable units="kelvin" public_interface="in" name="T"/>
      <variable units="coulomb_per_millimole" public_interface="in" name="F"/>
      <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Nai"/>
      <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Nao"/>
      <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Ko"/>
      <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>f_NaK</ci>
            <apply>
               <divide/>
               <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
               <apply>
                  <plus/>
                  <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.1245</cn>
                     <apply>
                        <exp/>
                        <apply>
                           <divide/>
                           <apply>
                              <times/>
                              <apply>
                                 <minus/>
                                 <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.1</cn>
                              </apply>
                              <ci>V</ci>
                              <ci>F</ci>
                           </apply>
                           <apply>
                              <times/>
                              <ci>R</ci>
                              <ci>T</ci>
                           </apply>
                        </apply>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.0365</cn>
                     <ci>sigma</ci>
                     <apply>
                        <exp/>
                        <apply>
                           <divide/>
                           <apply>
                              <times/>
                              <apply>
                                 <minus/>
                                 <ci>V</ci>
                              </apply>
                              <ci>F</ci>
                           </apply>
                           <apply>
                              <times/>
                              <ci>R</ci>
                              <ci>T</ci>
                           </apply>
                        </apply>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>sigma</ci>
            <apply>
               <times/>
               <apply>
                  <divide/>
                  <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
                  <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">7</cn>
               </apply>
               <apply>
                  <minus/>
                  <apply>
                     <exp/>
                     <apply>
                        <divide/>
                        <ci>Nao</ci>
                        <cn cellml:units="millimolar">67.3</cn>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
                  <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>i_NaK</ci>
            <apply>
               <divide/>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <apply>
                     <divide/>
                     <apply>
                        <times/>
                        <ci>I_NaK</ci>
                        <ci>f_NaK</ci>
                     </apply>
                     <apply>
                        <plus/>
                        <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
                        <apply>
                           <power/>
                           <apply>
                              <divide/>
                              <ci>K_mNai</ci>
                              <ci>Nai</ci>
                           </apply>
                           <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1.5</cn>
                        </apply>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
                  <ci>Ko</ci>
               </apply>
               <apply>
                  <plus/>
                  <ci>Ko</ci>
                  <ci>K_mKo</ci>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
      </math>
   </component>
   <component name="sarcolemmal_calcium_pump">
      <variable units="microA_per_microF" public_interface="out" name="i_p_Ca"/>
      <variable units="millimolar" name="K_mpCa" initial_value="0.00005"/>
      <variable units="microA_per_microF" name="I_pCa" initial_value="0.05"/>
      <variable units="second" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
      <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Cai"/>
      <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>i_p_Ca</ci>
            <apply>
               <divide/>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <ci>I_pCa</ci>
                  <ci>Cai</ci>
               </apply>
               <apply>
                  <plus/>
                  <ci>K_mpCa</ci>
                  <ci>Cai</ci>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
      </math>
   </component>
   <component name="calcium_background_current">
      <variable units="microA_per_microF" public_interface="out" name="i_Ca_b"/>
      <variable units="milliS_per_microF" name="g_Cab" initial_value="0.0003842"/>
      <variable units="millivolt" name="E_Ca"/>
      <variable units="second" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
      <variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
      <variable units="joule_per_mole_kelvin" public_interface="in" name="R"/>
      <variable units="kelvin" public_interface="in" name="T"/>
      <variable units="coulomb_per_millimole" public_interface="in" name="F"/>
      <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Cai"/>
      <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Cao"/>
      <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>E_Ca</ci>
            <apply>
               <times/>
               <apply>
                  <divide/>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <ci>R</ci>
                     <ci>T</ci>
                  </apply>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
                     <ci>F</ci>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
               <apply>
                  <ln/>
                  <apply>
                     <divide/>
                     <ci>Cao</ci>
                     <ci>Cai</ci>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>i_Ca_b</ci>
            <apply>
               <times/>
               <ci>g_Cab</ci>
               <apply>
                  <minus/>
                  <ci>V</ci>
                  <ci>E_Ca</ci>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
      </math>
   </component>
   <component name="sodium_background_current">
      <variable units="microA_per_microF" public_interface="out" name="i_Na_b"/>
      <variable units="milliS_per_microF" name="g_Nab" initial_value="0.0031"/>
      <variable units="second" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
      <variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
      <variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="E_Na"/>
      <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>i_Na_b</ci>
            <apply>
               <times/>
               <ci>g_Nab</ci>
               <apply>
                  <minus/>
                  <ci>V</ci>
                  <ci>E_Na</ci>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
      </math>
   </component>
   <component name="L_type_Ca_current">
      <variable units="microA_per_microF" public_interface="out" name="i_Ca"/>
      <variable units="microA_per_microF" public_interface="out" name="i_Ca_K"/>
      <variable units="cm_per_second" name="P_Ca" initial_value="3.125e-4"/>
      <variable units="cm_per_second" name="P_K" initial_value="5.79e-7"/>
      <variable units="cm_per_second" name="p_prime_k"/>
      <variable units="microA_per_microF" name="i_Ca_half" initial_value="-0.265"/>
      <variable units="microA_per_microF" name="i_Ca_max"/>
      <variable units="dimensionless" name="O" initial_value="9.84546e-21"/>
      <variable units="dimensionless" name="O_Ca" initial_value="0"/>
      <variable units="per_second" name="alpha"/>
      <variable units="per_second" name="beta"/>
      <variable units="per_second" name="gamma"/>
      <variable units="per_second" name="alpha_a"/>
      <variable units="per_second" name="beta_b"/>
      <variable units="dimensionless" name="a" initial_value="2"/>
      <variable units="dimensionless" name="b" initial_value="2"/>
      <variable units="per_second" name="g" initial_value="2000"/>
      <variable units="per_second" name="f" initial_value="300"/>
      <variable units="per_second" name="gprime" initial_value="7000"/>
      <variable units="per_second" name="fprime" initial_value="7"/>
      <variable units="per_second" name="omega" initial_value="10"/>
      <variable units="dimensionless" name="C0" initial_value="0.997208"/>
      <variable units="dimensionless" name="C1" initial_value="6.38897e-5"/>
      <variable units="dimensionless" name="C2" initial_value="1.535e-9"/>
      <variable units="dimensionless" name="C3" initial_value="1.63909e-14"/>
      <variable units="dimensionless" name="C4" initial_value="6.56337e-20"/>
      <variable units="dimensionless" name="C_Ca0" initial_value="0.00272826"/>
      <variable units="dimensionless" name="C_Ca1" initial_value="6.99215e-7"/>
      <variable units="dimensionless" name="C_Ca2" initial_value="6.71989e-11"/>
      <variable units="dimensionless" name="C_Ca3" initial_value="2.87031e-15"/>
      <variable units="dimensionless" name="C_Ca4" initial_value="4.59752e-20"/>
      <variable units="second" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="time"/>
      <variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="V"/>
      <variable units="microF_per_cm2" public_interface="in" name="C_sc"/>
      <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Ca_ss"/>
      <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Cao"/>
      <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Ko"/>
      <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Ki"/>
      <variable units="joule_per_mole_kelvin" public_interface="in" name="R"/>
      <variable units="kelvin" public_interface="in" name="T"/>
      <variable units="coulomb_per_millimole" public_interface="in" name="F"/>
      <variable units="dimensionless" private_interface="in" name="y"/>
      <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>i_Ca</ci>
            <apply>
               <times/>
               <ci>i_Ca_max</ci>
               <ci>y</ci>
               <apply>
                  <plus/>
                  <ci>O</ci>
                  <ci>O_Ca</ci>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>i_Ca_K</ci>
            <apply>
               <divide/>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <apply>
                     <divide/>
                     <apply>
                        <times/>
                        <apply>
                           <divide/>
                           <ci>p_prime_k</ci>
                           <apply>
                              <times/>
                              <cn cellml:units="microF_per_cm2">1</cn>
                              <cn cellml:units="s_ms">1</cn>
                           </apply>
                        </apply>
                        <ci>y</ci>
                        <apply>
                           <plus/>
                           <ci>O</ci>
                           <ci>O_Ca</ci>
                        </apply>
                        <ci>V</ci>
                        <apply>
                           <power/>
                           <ci>F</ci>
                           <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
                        </apply>
                     </apply>
                     <apply>
                        <times/>
                        <ci>R</ci>
                        <ci>T</ci>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
                  <apply>
                     <minus/>
                     <apply>
                        <times/>
                        <ci>Ki</ci>
                        <apply>
                           <exp/>
                           <apply>
                              <divide/>
                              <apply>
                                 <times/>
                                 <ci>V</ci>
                                 <ci>F</ci>
                              </apply>
                              <apply>
                                 <times/>
                                 <ci>R</ci>
                                 <ci>T</ci>
                              </apply>
                           </apply>
                        </apply>
                     </apply>
                     <ci>Ko</ci>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
               <apply>
                  <minus/>
                  <apply>
                     <exp/>
                     <apply>
                        <divide/>
                        <apply>
                           <times/>
                           <ci>V</ci>
                           <ci>F</ci>
                        </apply>
                        <apply>
                           <times/>
                           <ci>R</ci>
                           <ci>T</ci>
                        </apply>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
                  <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>p_prime_k</ci>
            <apply>
               <divide/>
               <ci>P_K</ci>
               <apply>
                  <plus/>
                  <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
                  <apply>
                     <divide/>
                     <ci>i_Ca_max</ci>
                     <ci>i_Ca_half</ci>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>i_Ca_max</ci>
            <apply>
               <divide/>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <apply>
                     <divide/>
                     <apply>
                        <times/>
                        <apply>
                           <divide/>
                           <ci>P_Ca</ci>
                           <apply>
                              <times/>
                              <cn cellml:units="microF_per_cm2">1</cn>
                              <cn cellml:units="s_ms">1</cn>
                           </apply>
                        </apply>
                        <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">4</cn>
                        <ci>V</ci>
                        <apply>
                           <power/>
                           <ci>F</ci>
                           <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
                        </apply>
                        <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1000</cn>
                     </apply>
                     <apply>
                        <times/>
                        <ci>R</ci>
                        <ci>T</ci>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
                  <apply>
                     <minus/>
                     <apply>
                        <times/>
                        <cn cellml:units="millimolar">0.001</cn>
                        <apply>
                           <exp/>
                           <apply>
                              <divide/>
                              <apply>
                                 <times/>
                                 <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
                                 <ci>V</ci>
                                 <ci>F</ci>
                              </apply>
                              <apply>
                                 <times/>
                                 <ci>R</ci>
                                 <ci>T</ci>
                              </apply>
                           </apply>
                        </apply>
                     </apply>
                     <apply>
                        <times/>
                        <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.341</cn>
                        <ci>Cao</ci>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
               <apply>
                  <minus/>
                  <apply>
                     <exp/>
                     <apply>
                        <divide/>
                        <apply>
                           <times/>
                           <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
                           <ci>V</ci>
                           <ci>F</ci>
                        </apply>
                        <apply>
                           <times/>
                           <ci>R</ci>
                           <ci>T</ci>
                        </apply>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
                  <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>alpha</ci>
            <apply>
               <times/>
               <cn cellml:units="per_second">400</cn>
               <apply>
                  <exp/>
                  <apply>
                     <divide/>
                     <apply>
                        <plus/>
                        <ci>V</ci>
                        <cn cellml:units="millivolt">2</cn>
                     </apply>
                     <cn cellml:units="millivolt">10</cn>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>beta</ci>
            <apply>
               <times/>
               <cn cellml:units="per_second">50</cn>
               <apply>
                  <exp/>
                  <apply>
                     <divide/>
                     <apply>
                        <minus/>
                        <apply>
                           <plus/>
                           <ci>V</ci>
                           <cn cellml:units="millivolt">2</cn>
                        </apply>
                     </apply>
                     <cn cellml:units="millivolt">13</cn>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>alpha_a</ci>
            <apply>
               <times/>
               <ci>alpha</ci>
               <ci>a</ci>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>beta_b</ci>
            <apply>
               <divide/>
               <ci>beta</ci>
               <ci>b</ci>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>gamma</ci>
            <apply>
               <divide/>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <cn cellml:units="per_second">103.75</cn>
                  <ci>Ca_ss</ci>
               </apply>
               <cn cellml:units="millimolar">1</cn>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <apply>
               <diff/>
               <bvar>
                  <ci>time</ci>
               </bvar>
               <ci>C0</ci>
            </apply>
            <apply>
               <minus/>
               <apply>
                  <plus/>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <ci>beta</ci>
                     <ci>C1</ci>
                  </apply>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <ci>omega</ci>
                     <ci>C_Ca0</ci>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <apply>
                     <plus/>
                     <apply>
                        <times/>
                        <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">4</cn>
                        <ci>alpha</ci>
                     </apply>
                     <ci>gamma</ci>
                  </apply>
                  <ci>C0</ci>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <apply>
               <diff/>
               <bvar>
                  <ci>time</ci>
               </bvar>
               <ci>C1</ci>
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            <apply>
               <minus/>
               <apply>
                  <plus/>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">4</cn>
                     <ci>alpha</ci>
                     <ci>C0</ci>
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                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
                     <ci>beta</ci>
                     <ci>C2</ci>
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                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <apply>
                        <divide/>
                        <ci>omega</ci>
                        <ci>b</ci>
                     </apply>
                     <ci>C_Ca1</ci>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <apply>
                     <plus/>
                     <ci>beta</ci>
                     <apply>
                        <times/>
                        <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">3</cn>
                        <ci>alpha</ci>
                     </apply>
                     <apply>
                        <times/>
                        <ci>gamma</ci>
                        <ci>a</ci>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
                  <ci>C1</ci>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <apply>
               <diff/>
               <bvar>
                  <ci>time</ci>
               </bvar>
               <ci>C2</ci>
            </apply>
            <apply>
               <minus/>
               <apply>
                  <plus/>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">3</cn>
                     <ci>alpha</ci>
                     <ci>C1</ci>
                  </apply>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">3</cn>
                     <ci>beta</ci>
                     <ci>C3</ci>
                  </apply>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <apply>
                        <divide/>
                        <ci>omega</ci>
                        <apply>
                           <power/>
                           <ci>b</ci>
                           <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
                        </apply>
                     </apply>
                     <ci>C_Ca2</ci>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <apply>
                     <plus/>
                     <apply>
                        <times/>
                        <ci>beta</ci>
                        <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
                     </apply>
                     <apply>
                        <times/>
                        <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
                        <ci>alpha</ci>
                     </apply>
                     <apply>
                        <times/>
                        <ci>gamma</ci>
                        <apply>
                           <power/>
                           <ci>a</ci>
                           <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
                        </apply>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
                  <ci>C2</ci>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <apply>
               <diff/>
               <bvar>
                  <ci>time</ci>
               </bvar>
               <ci>C3</ci>
            </apply>
            <apply>
               <minus/>
               <apply>
                  <plus/>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
                     <ci>alpha</ci>
                     <ci>C2</ci>
                  </apply>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">4</cn>
                     <ci>beta</ci>
                     <ci>C4</ci>
                  </apply>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <apply>
                        <divide/>
                        <ci>omega</ci>
                        <apply>
                           <power/>
                           <ci>b</ci>
                           <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">3</cn>
                        </apply>
                     </apply>
                     <ci>C_Ca3</ci>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <apply>
                     <plus/>
                     <apply>
                        <times/>
                        <ci>beta</ci>
                        <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">3</cn>
                     </apply>
                     <ci>alpha</ci>
                     <apply>
                        <times/>
                        <ci>gamma</ci>
                        <apply>
                           <power/>
                           <ci>a</ci>
                           <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">3</cn>
                        </apply>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
                  <ci>C3</ci>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <apply>
               <diff/>
               <bvar>
                  <ci>time</ci>
               </bvar>
               <ci>C4</ci>
            </apply>
            <apply>
               <minus/>
               <apply>
                  <plus/>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <ci>alpha</ci>
                     <ci>C3</ci>
                  </apply>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <ci>g</ci>
                     <ci>O</ci>
                  </apply>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <apply>
                        <divide/>
                        <ci>omega</ci>
                        <apply>
                           <power/>
                           <ci>b</ci>
                           <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">4</cn>
                        </apply>
                     </apply>
                     <ci>C_Ca4</ci>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <apply>
                     <plus/>
                     <apply>
                        <times/>
                        <ci>beta</ci>
                        <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">4</cn>
                     </apply>
                     <ci>f</ci>
                     <apply>
                        <times/>
                        <ci>gamma</ci>
                        <apply>
                           <power/>
                           <ci>a</ci>
                           <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">4</cn>
                        </apply>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
                  <ci>C4</ci>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <apply>
               <diff/>
               <bvar>
                  <ci>time</ci>
               </bvar>
               <ci>O</ci>
            </apply>
            <apply>
               <minus/>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <ci>f</ci>
                  <ci>C4</ci>
               </apply>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <ci>g</ci>
                  <ci>O</ci>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <apply>
               <diff/>
               <bvar>
                  <ci>time</ci>
               </bvar>
               <ci>C_Ca0</ci>
            </apply>
            <apply>
               <minus/>
               <apply>
                  <plus/>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <ci>beta_b</ci>
                     <ci>C_Ca1</ci>
                  </apply>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <ci>gamma</ci>
                     <ci>C0</ci>
                  </apply>
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               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <apply>
                     <plus/>
                     <apply>
                        <times/>
                        <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">4</cn>
                        <ci>alpha_a</ci>
                     </apply>
                     <ci>omega</ci>
                  </apply>
                  <ci>C_Ca0</ci>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <apply>
               <diff/>
               <bvar>
                  <ci>time</ci>
               </bvar>
               <ci>C_Ca1</ci>
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            <apply>
               <minus/>
               <apply>
                  <plus/>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">4</cn>
                     <ci>alpha_a</ci>
                     <ci>C_Ca0</ci>
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                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
                     <ci>beta_b</ci>
                     <ci>C_Ca2</ci>
                  </apply>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <ci>gamma</ci>
                     <ci>a</ci>
                     <ci>C1</ci>
                  </apply>
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               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <apply>
                     <plus/>
                     <ci>beta_b</ci>
                     <apply>
                        <times/>
                        <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">3</cn>
                        <ci>alpha_a</ci>
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                     <apply>
                        <divide/>
                        <ci>omega</ci>
                        <ci>b</ci>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
                  <ci>C_Ca1</ci>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <apply>
               <diff/>
               <bvar>
                  <ci>time</ci>
               </bvar>
               <ci>C_Ca2</ci>
            </apply>
            <apply>
               <minus/>
               <apply>
                  <plus/>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">3</cn>
                     <ci>alpha_a</ci>
                     <ci>C_Ca1</ci>
                  </apply>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">3</cn>
                     <ci>beta_b</ci>
                     <ci>C_Ca3</ci>
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                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <ci>gamma</ci>
                     <apply>
                        <power/>
                        <ci>a</ci>
                        <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
                     </apply>
                     <ci>C2</ci>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <apply>
                     <plus/>
                     <apply>
                        <times/>
                        <ci>beta_b</ci>
                        <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
                     </apply>
                     <apply>
                        <times/>
                        <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
                        <ci>alpha_a</ci>
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                     <apply>
                        <divide/>
                        <ci>omega</ci>
                        <apply>
                           <power/>
                           <ci>b</ci>
                           <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
                        </apply>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
                  <ci>C_Ca2</ci>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <apply>
               <diff/>
               <bvar>
                  <ci>time</ci>
               </bvar>
               <ci>C_Ca3</ci>
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            <apply>
               <minus/>
               <apply>
                  <plus/>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
                     <ci>alpha_a</ci>
                     <ci>C_Ca2</ci>
                  </apply>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">4</cn>
                     <ci>beta_b</ci>
                     <ci>C_Ca4</ci>
                  </apply>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <ci>gamma</ci>
                     <apply>
                        <power/>
                        <ci>a</ci>
                        <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">3</cn>
                     </apply>
                     <ci>C3</ci>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <apply>
                     <plus/>
                     <apply>
                        <times/>
                        <ci>beta_b</ci>
                        <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">3</cn>
                     </apply>
                     <ci>alpha_a</ci>
                     <apply>
                        <divide/>
                        <ci>omega</ci>
                        <apply>
                           <power/>
                           <ci>b</ci>
                           <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">3</cn>
                        </apply>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
                  <ci>C_Ca3</ci>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <apply>
               <diff/>
               <bvar>
                  <ci>time</ci>
               </bvar>
               <ci>C_Ca4</ci>
            </apply>
            <apply>
               <minus/>
               <apply>
                  <plus/>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <ci>alpha_a</ci>
                     <ci>C_Ca3</ci>
                  </apply>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <ci>gprime</ci>
                     <ci>O_Ca</ci>
                  </apply>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <ci>gamma</ci>
                     <apply>
                        <power/>
                        <ci>a</ci>
                        <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">4</cn>
                     </apply>
                     <ci>C4</ci>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <apply>
                     <plus/>
                     <apply>
                        <times/>
                        <ci>beta_b</ci>
                        <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">4</cn>
                     </apply>
                     <ci>fprime</ci>
                     <apply>
                        <divide/>
                        <ci>omega</ci>
                        <apply>
                           <power/>
                           <ci>b</ci>
                           <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">4</cn>
                        </apply>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
                  <ci>C_Ca4</ci>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <apply>
               <diff/>
               <bvar>
                  <ci>time</ci>
               </bvar>
               <ci>O_Ca</ci>
            </apply>
            <apply>
               <minus/>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <ci>fprime</ci>
                  <ci>C_Ca4</ci>
               </apply>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <ci>gprime</ci>
                  <ci>O_Ca</ci>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
      </math>
   </component>
   <component name="L_type_Ca_current_y_gate">
      <variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="y" initial_value="0.798"/>
      <variable units="dimensionless" name="y_infinity"/>
      <variable units="second" name="tau_y"/>
      <variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
      <variable units="second" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
      <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>y_infinity</ci>
            <apply>
               <plus/>
               <apply>
                  <divide/>
                  <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.8</cn>
                  <apply>
                     <plus/>
                     <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
                     <apply>
                        <exp/>
                        <apply>
                           <divide/>
                           <apply>
                              <plus/>
                              <ci>V</ci>
                              <cn cellml:units="millivolt">12.5</cn>
                           </apply>
                           <cn cellml:units="millivolt">5</cn>
                        </apply>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
               <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.2</cn>
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         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>tau_y</ci>
            <apply>
               <divide/>
               <apply>
                  <plus/>
                  <cn cellml:units="second">20</cn>
                  <apply>
                     <divide/>
                     <cn cellml:units="second">600</cn>
                     <apply>
                        <plus/>
                        <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
                        <apply>
                           <exp/>
                           <apply>
                              <divide/>
                              <apply>
                                 <plus/>
                                 <ci>V</ci>
                                 <cn cellml:units="millivolt">20</cn>
                              </apply>
                              <cn cellml:units="millivolt">9.5</cn>
                           </apply>
                        </apply>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
               <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1000</cn>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <apply>
               <diff/>
               <bvar>
                  <ci>time</ci>
               </bvar>
               <ci>y</ci>
            </apply>
            <apply>
               <divide/>
               <apply>
                  <minus/>
                  <ci>y_infinity</ci>
                  <ci>y</ci>
               </apply>
               <ci>tau_y</ci>
            </apply>
         </apply>
      </math>
   </component>
   <component name="RyR_channel">
      <variable units="millimolar_per_second" public_interface="out" name="J_rel"/>
      <variable units="per_second" name="v1" initial_value="1800"/>
      <variable units="millimolar4_per_second" name="k_a_plus" initial_value="1.215e13"/>
      <variable units="per_second" name="k_a_minus" initial_value="576"/>
      <variable units="millimolar3_per_second" name="k_b_plus" initial_value="4.05e9"/>
      <variable units="per_second" name="k_b_minus" initial_value="1930"/>
      <variable units="per_second" name="k_c_plus" initial_value="100"/>
      <variable units="per_second" name="k_c_minus" initial_value="0.8"/>
      <variable units="dimensionless" name="P_O1" initial_value="0"/>
      <variable units="dimensionless" name="P_O2" initial_value="0"/>
      <variable units="dimensionless" name="P_C1" initial_value="0.47"/>
      <variable units="dimensionless" name="P_C2" initial_value="0.53"/>
      <variable units="dimensionless" name="n" initial_value="4"/>
      <variable units="dimensionless" name="m" initial_value="3"/>
      <variable units="second" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
      <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Ca_ss"/>
      <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Ca_JSR"/>
      <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <apply>
               <diff/>
               <bvar>
                  <ci>time</ci>
               </bvar>
               <ci>P_C1</ci>
            </apply>
            <apply>
               <plus/>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <apply>
                     <minus/>
                     <ci>k_a_plus</ci>
                  </apply>
                  <apply>
                     <power/>
                     <ci>Ca_ss</ci>
                     <ci>n</ci>
                  </apply>
                  <ci>P_C1</ci>
               </apply>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <ci>k_a_minus</ci>
                  <ci>P_O1</ci>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <apply>
               <diff/>
               <bvar>
                  <ci>time</ci>
               </bvar>
               <ci>P_O1</ci>
            </apply>
            <apply>
               <plus/>
               <apply>
                  <minus/>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <ci>k_a_plus</ci>
                     <apply>
                        <power/>
                        <ci>Ca_ss</ci>
                        <ci>n</ci>
                     </apply>
                     <ci>P_C1</ci>
                  </apply>
                  <apply>
                     <plus/>
                     <apply>
                        <times/>
                        <ci>k_a_minus</ci>
                        <ci>P_O1</ci>
                     </apply>
                     <apply>
                        <times/>
                        <ci>k_b_plus</ci>
                        <apply>
                           <power/>
                           <ci>Ca_ss</ci>
                           <ci>m</ci>
                        </apply>
                        <ci>P_O1</ci>
                     </apply>
                     <apply>
                        <times/>
                        <ci>k_c_plus</ci>
                        <ci>P_O1</ci>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <ci>k_b_minus</ci>
                  <ci>P_O2</ci>
               </apply>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <ci>k_c_minus</ci>
                  <ci>P_C2</ci>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <apply>
               <diff/>
               <bvar>
                  <ci>time</ci>
               </bvar>
               <ci>P_O2</ci>
            </apply>
            <apply>
               <minus/>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <ci>k_b_plus</ci>
                  <apply>
                     <power/>
                     <ci>Ca_ss</ci>
                     <ci>m</ci>
                  </apply>
                  <ci>P_O1</ci>
               </apply>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <ci>k_b_minus</ci>
                  <ci>P_O2</ci>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <apply>
               <diff/>
               <bvar>
                  <ci>time</ci>
               </bvar>
               <ci>P_C2</ci>
            </apply>
            <apply>
               <minus/>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <ci>k_c_plus</ci>
                  <ci>P_O1</ci>
               </apply>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <ci>k_c_minus</ci>
                  <ci>P_C2</ci>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>J_rel</ci>
            <apply>
               <times/>
               <ci>v1</ci>
               <apply>
                  <plus/>
                  <ci>P_O1</ci>
                  <ci>P_O2</ci>
               </apply>
               <apply>
                  <minus/>
                  <ci>Ca_JSR</ci>
                  <ci>Ca_ss</ci>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
      </math>
   </component>
   <component name="SERCA2a_pump">
      <variable units="millimolar_per_second" public_interface="out" name="J_up"/>
      <variable units="millimolar" name="K_fb" initial_value="0.000168"/>
      <variable units="millimolar" name="K_rb" initial_value="3.29"/>
      <variable units="dimensionless" name="fb"/>
      <variable units="dimensionless" name="rb"/>
      <variable units="millimolar_per_second" name="Vmaxf" initial_value="0.0813"/>
      <variable units="millimolar_per_second" name="Vmaxr" initial_value="0.318"/>
      <variable units="dimensionless" name="K_SR" initial_value="1"/>
      <variable units="dimensionless" name="N_fb" initial_value="1.2"/>
      <variable units="dimensionless" name="N_rb" initial_value="1"/>
      <variable units="second" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
      <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Cai"/>
      <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Ca_NSR"/>
      <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>fb</ci>
            <apply>
               <power/>
               <apply>
                  <divide/>
                  <ci>Cai</ci>
                  <ci>K_fb</ci>
               </apply>
               <ci>N_fb</ci>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>rb</ci>
            <apply>
               <power/>
               <apply>
                  <divide/>
                  <ci>Ca_NSR</ci>
                  <ci>K_rb</ci>
               </apply>
               <ci>N_rb</ci>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>J_up</ci>
            <apply>
               <divide/>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <ci>K_SR</ci>
                  <apply>
                     <minus/>
                     <apply>
                        <times/>
                        <ci>Vmaxf</ci>
                        <ci>fb</ci>
                     </apply>
                     <apply>
                        <times/>
                        <ci>Vmaxr</ci>
                        <ci>rb</ci>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
               <apply>
                  <plus/>
                  <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
                  <ci>fb</ci>
                  <ci>rb</ci>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
      </math>
   </component>
   <component name="intracellular_Ca_fluxes">
      <variable units="millimolar_per_second" public_interface="out" name="J_tr"/>
      <variable units="millimolar_per_second" public_interface="out" name="J_xfer"/>
      <variable units="millimolar_per_second" public_interface="out" name="J_trpn"/>
      <variable units="second" name="tau_tr" initial_value="0.0005747"/>
      <variable units="second" name="tau_xfer" initial_value="0.0267"/>
      <variable units="millimolar" name="HTRPNCa" initial_value="0.98"/>
      <variable units="millimolar" name="LTRPNCa" initial_value="0.078"/>
      <variable units="millimolar_per_second" name="J_HTRPNCa"/>
      <variable units="millimolar_per_second" name="J_LTRPNCa"/>
      <variable units="dimensionless" name="HTRPN_tot" initial_value="0.14"/>
      <variable units="dimensionless" name="LTRPN_tot" initial_value="0.07"/>
      <variable units="per_millimolar_second" name="k_htrpn_plus" initial_value="20000"/>
      <variable units="per_second" name="k_htrpn_minus" initial_value="0.066"/>
      <variable units="per_millimolar_second" name="k_ltrpn_plus" initial_value="40000"/>
      <variable units="per_second" name="k_ltrpn_minus" initial_value="40"/>
      <variable units="second" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
      <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Ca_ss"/>
      <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Cai"/>
      <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Ca_NSR"/>
      <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Ca_JSR"/>
      <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>J_tr</ci>
            <apply>
               <divide/>
               <apply>
                  <minus/>
                  <ci>Ca_NSR</ci>
                  <ci>Ca_JSR</ci>
               </apply>
               <ci>tau_tr</ci>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>J_xfer</ci>
            <apply>
               <divide/>
               <apply>
                  <minus/>
                  <ci>Ca_ss</ci>
                  <ci>Cai</ci>
               </apply>
               <ci>tau_xfer</ci>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>J_trpn</ci>
            <apply>
               <plus/>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <ci>HTRPN_tot</ci>
                  <ci>J_HTRPNCa</ci>
               </apply>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <ci>LTRPN_tot</ci>
                  <ci>J_LTRPNCa</ci>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>J_HTRPNCa</ci>
            <apply>
               <diff/>
               <bvar>
                  <ci>time</ci>
               </bvar>
               <ci>HTRPNCa</ci>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <apply>
               <diff/>
               <bvar>
                  <ci>time</ci>
               </bvar>
               <ci>HTRPNCa</ci>
            </apply>
            <apply>
               <minus/>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <ci>k_htrpn_plus</ci>
                  <ci>Cai</ci>
                  <apply>
                     <minus/>
                     <cn cellml:units="millimolar">1</cn>
                     <ci>HTRPNCa</ci>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <ci>k_htrpn_minus</ci>
                  <ci>HTRPNCa</ci>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>J_LTRPNCa</ci>
            <apply>
               <diff/>
               <bvar>
                  <ci>time</ci>
               </bvar>
               <ci>LTRPNCa</ci>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <apply>
               <diff/>
               <bvar>
                  <ci>time</ci>
               </bvar>
               <ci>LTRPNCa</ci>
            </apply>
            <apply>
               <minus/>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <ci>k_ltrpn_plus</ci>
                  <ci>Cai</ci>
                  <apply>
                     <minus/>
                     <cn cellml:units="millimolar">1</cn>
                     <ci>LTRPNCa</ci>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <ci>k_ltrpn_minus</ci>
                  <ci>LTRPNCa</ci>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
      </math>
   </component>
   <component name="intracellular_ion_concentrations">
      <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="out" name="Nai" initial_value="10"/>
      <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="out" name="Cai" initial_value="0.00008"/>
      <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="out" name="Ki" initial_value="157.8"/>
      <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="out" name="Ca_ss" initial_value="0.00011"/>
      <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="out" name="Ca_JSR" initial_value="0.257"/>
      <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="out" name="Ca_NSR" initial_value="0.257"/>
      <variable units="cm2" name="A_cap" initial_value="0.0001534"/>
      <variable units="micro_litre" name="V_myo" initial_value="0.00002584"/>
      <variable units="micro_litre" name="V_JSR" initial_value="0.00000016"/>
      <variable units="micro_litre" name="V_NSR" initial_value="0.0000021"/>
      <variable units="micro_litre" name="V_SS" initial_value="0.0000000012"/>
      <variable units="millimolar" name="K_mCMDN" initial_value="0.00238"/>
      <variable units="millimolar" name="K_mEGTA" initial_value="0.00015"/>
      <variable units="millimolar" name="K_mCSQN" initial_value="0.8"/>
      <variable units="millimolar" name="CMDN_tot" initial_value="0.05"/>
      <variable units="millimolar" name="EGTA_tot" initial_value="0"/>
      <variable units="millimolar" name="CSQN_tot" initial_value="15"/>
      <variable units="dimensionless" name="beta_i"/>
      <variable units="dimensionless" name="beta_SS"/>
      <variable units="dimensionless" name="beta_JSR"/>
      <variable units="second" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
      <variable units="coulomb_per_millimole" public_interface="in" name="F"/>
      <variable units="microF_per_cm2" public_interface="in" name="C_sc"/>
      <variable units="microA_per_microF" public_interface="in" name="i_Na"/>
      <variable units="microA_per_microF" public_interface="in" name="i_Ca"/>
      <variable units="microA_per_microF" public_interface="in" name="i_Na_b"/>
      <variable units="microA_per_microF" public_interface="in" name="i_NaCa"/>
      <variable units="microA_per_microF" public_interface="in" name="i_NaK"/>
      <variable units="microA_per_microF" public_interface="in" name="i_Ca_K"/>
      <variable units="microA_per_microF" public_interface="in" name="i_Kr"/>
      <variable units="microA_per_microF" public_interface="in" name="i_Ks"/>
      <variable units="microA_per_microF" public_interface="in" name="i_K1"/>
      <variable units="microA_per_microF" public_interface="in" name="i_Kp"/>
      <variable units="microA_per_microF" public_interface="in" name="i_to1"/>
      <variable units="microA_per_microF" public_interface="in" name="i_p_Ca"/>
      <variable units="microA_per_microF" public_interface="in" name="i_Ca_b"/>
      <variable units="millimolar_per_second" public_interface="in" name="J_up"/>
      <variable units="millimolar_per_second" public_interface="in" name="J_rel"/>
      <variable units="millimolar_per_second" public_interface="in" name="J_xfer"/>
      <variable units="millimolar_per_second" public_interface="in" name="J_trpn"/>
      <variable units="millimolar_per_second" public_interface="in" name="J_tr"/>
      <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <apply>
               <diff/>
               <bvar>
                  <ci>time</ci>
               </bvar>
               <ci>Cai</ci>
            </apply>
            <apply>
               <times/>
               <ci>beta_i</ci>
               <apply>
                  <plus/>
                  <apply>
                     <minus/>
                     <ci>J_xfer</ci>
                     <apply>
                        <plus/>
                        <ci>J_up</ci>
                        <ci>J_trpn</ci>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
                  <apply>
                     <divide/>
                     <apply>
                        <times/>
                        <apply>
                           <minus/>
                           <apply>
                              <times/>
                              <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
                              <ci>i_NaCa</ci>
                           </apply>
                           <apply>
                              <plus/>
                              <ci>i_p_Ca</ci>
                              <ci>i_Ca_b</ci>
                           </apply>
                        </apply>
                        <ci>A_cap</ci>
                        <cn cellml:units="microF_per_cm2">1</cn>
                     </apply>
                     <apply>
                        <times/>
                        <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
                        <ci>V_myo</ci>
                        <ci>F</ci>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <apply>
               <diff/>
               <bvar>
                  <ci>time</ci>
               </bvar>
               <ci>Nai</ci>
            </apply>
            <apply>
               <divide/>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <apply>
                     <minus/>
                     <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0</cn>
                  </apply>
                  <apply>
                     <plus/>
                     <ci>i_Na</ci>
                     <ci>i_Na_b</ci>
                     <apply>
                        <times/>
                        <ci>i_NaCa</ci>
                        <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">3</cn>
                     </apply>
                     <apply>
                        <times/>
                        <ci>i_NaK</ci>
                        <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">3</cn>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
                  <ci>A_cap</ci>
                  <cn cellml:units="microF_per_cm2">1</cn>
               </apply>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <ci>V_myo</ci>
                  <ci>F</ci>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <apply>
               <diff/>
               <bvar>
                  <ci>time</ci>
               </bvar>
               <ci>Ki</ci>
            </apply>
            <apply>
               <divide/>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <apply>
                     <minus/>
                     <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0</cn>
                  </apply>
                  <apply>
                     <plus/>
                     <ci>i_Ca_K</ci>
                     <ci>i_Kr</ci>
                     <ci>i_Ks</ci>
                     <ci>i_K1</ci>
                     <ci>i_Kp</ci>
                     <ci>i_to1</ci>
                     <apply>
                        <times/>
                        <ci>i_NaK</ci>
                        <apply>
                           <minus/>
                           <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
                        </apply>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
                  <ci>A_cap</ci>
                  <cn cellml:units="microF_per_cm2">1</cn>
               </apply>
               <apply>
                  <times/>
                  <ci>V_myo</ci>
                  <ci>F</ci>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>beta_i</ci>
            <apply>
               <divide/>
               <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
               <apply>
                  <plus/>
                  <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
                  <apply>
                     <divide/>
                     <apply>
                        <times/>
                        <ci>CMDN_tot</ci>
                        <ci>K_mCMDN</ci>
                     </apply>
                     <apply>
                        <power/>
                        <apply>
                           <plus/>
                           <ci>K_mCMDN</ci>
                           <ci>Cai</ci>
                        </apply>
                        <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
                  <apply>
                     <divide/>
                     <apply>
                        <times/>
                        <ci>EGTA_tot</ci>
                        <ci>K_mEGTA</ci>
                     </apply>
                     <apply>
                        <power/>
                        <apply>
                           <plus/>
                           <ci>K_mEGTA</ci>
                           <ci>Cai</ci>
                        </apply>
                        <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>beta_SS</ci>
            <apply>
               <divide/>
               <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
               <apply>
                  <plus/>
                  <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
                  <apply>
                     <divide/>
                     <apply>
                        <times/>
                        <ci>CMDN_tot</ci>
                        <ci>K_mCMDN</ci>
                     </apply>
                     <apply>
                        <power/>
                        <apply>
                           <plus/>
                           <ci>K_mCMDN</ci>
                           <ci>Ca_ss</ci>
                        </apply>
                        <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
                  <apply>
                     <divide/>
                     <apply>
                        <times/>
                        <ci>EGTA_tot</ci>
                        <ci>K_mEGTA</ci>
                     </apply>
                     <apply>
                        <power/>
                        <apply>
                           <plus/>
                           <ci>K_mEGTA</ci>
                           <ci>Ca_ss</ci>
                        </apply>
                        <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <ci>beta_JSR</ci>
            <apply>
               <divide/>
               <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
               <apply>
                  <plus/>
                  <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
                  <apply>
                     <divide/>
                     <apply>
                        <times/>
                        <ci>CSQN_tot</ci>
                        <ci>K_mCSQN</ci>
                     </apply>
                     <apply>
                        <power/>
                        <apply>
                           <plus/>
                           <ci>K_mCSQN</ci>
                           <ci>Ca_JSR</ci>
                        </apply>
                        <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <apply>
               <diff/>
               <bvar>
                  <ci>time</ci>
               </bvar>
               <ci>Ca_ss</ci>
            </apply>
            <apply>
               <times/>
               <ci>beta_SS</ci>
               <apply>
                  <minus/>
                  <apply>
                     <minus/>
                     <apply>
                        <divide/>
                        <apply>
                           <times/>
                           <ci>J_rel</ci>
                           <ci>V_JSR</ci>
                        </apply>
                        <ci>V_SS</ci>
                     </apply>
                     <apply>
                        <divide/>
                        <apply>
                           <times/>
                           <ci>J_xfer</ci>
                           <ci>V_myo</ci>
                        </apply>
                        <ci>V_SS</ci>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
                  <apply>
                     <divide/>
                     <apply>
                        <times/>
                        <ci>i_Ca</ci>
                        <ci>A_cap</ci>
                        <cn cellml:units="microF_per_cm2">1</cn>
                     </apply>
                     <apply>
                        <times/>
                        <cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
                        <ci>V_SS</ci>
                        <ci>F</ci>
                     </apply>
                  </apply>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <apply>
               <diff/>
               <bvar>
                  <ci>time</ci>
               </bvar>
               <ci>Ca_JSR</ci>
            </apply>
            <apply>
               <times/>
               <ci>beta_JSR</ci>
               <apply>
                  <minus/>
                  <ci>J_tr</ci>
                  <ci>J_rel</ci>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
         <apply>
            <eq/>
            <apply>
               <diff/>
               <bvar>
                  <ci>time</ci>
               </bvar>
               <ci>Ca_NSR</ci>
            </apply>
            <apply>
               <minus/>
               <apply>
                  <divide/>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <ci>J_up</ci>
                     <ci>V_myo</ci>
                  </apply>
                  <ci>V_NSR</ci>
               </apply>
               <apply>
                  <divide/>
                  <apply>
                     <times/>
                     <ci>J_tr</ci>
                     <ci>V_JSR</ci>
                  </apply>
                  <ci>V_NSR</ci>
               </apply>
            </apply>
         </apply>
      </math>
   </component>
   <component name="standard_ionic_concentrations">
      <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="out" name="Nao" initial_value="138"/>
      <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="out" name="Cao" initial_value="2"/>
      <variable units="millimolar" public_interface="out" name="Ko" initial_value="4"/>
   </component>
   <group>
      <relationship_ref relationship="containment"/>
      <component_ref component="membrane">
         <component_ref component="fast_sodium_current">
            <component_ref component="fast_sodium_current_m_gate"/>
            <component_ref component="fast_sodium_current_h_gate"/>
            <component_ref component="fast_sodium_current_j_gate"/>
         </component_ref>
         <component_ref component="rapid_activating_delayed_rectifiyer_K_current">
            <component_ref component="rapid_activating_delayed_rectifiyer_K_current_X_kr_gate"/>
         </component_ref>
         <component_ref component="slow_activating_delayed_rectifiyer_K_current">
            <component_ref component="slow_activating_delayed_rectifiyer_K_current_X_ks_gate"/>
         </component_ref>
         <component_ref component="transient_outward_potassium_current">
            <component_ref component="transient_outward_potassium_current_X_to1_gate"/>
            <component_ref component="transient_outward_potassium_current_Y_to1_gate"/>
         </component_ref>
         <component_ref component="time_independent_potassium_current">
            <component_ref component="time_independent_potassium_current_K1_gate"/>
         </component_ref>
         <component_ref component="plateau_potassium_current">
            <component_ref component="plateau_potassium_current_Kp_gate"/>
         </component_ref>
         <component_ref component="Na_Ca_exchanger"/>
         <component_ref component="sodium_potassium_pump"/>
         <component_ref component="sarcolemmal_calcium_pump"/>
         <component_ref component="calcium_background_current"/>
         <component_ref component="sodium_background_current"/>
         <component_ref component="L_type_Ca_current">
            <component_ref component="L_type_Ca_current_y_gate"/>
         </component_ref>
         <component_ref component="RyR_channel"/>
         <component_ref component="SERCA2a_pump"/>
         <component_ref component="intracellular_Ca_fluxes"/>
         <component_ref component="intracellular_ion_concentrations"/>
         <component_ref component="standard_ionic_concentrations"/>
      </component_ref>
   </group>
   <group>
      <relationship_ref relationship="encapsulation"/>
      <component_ref component="fast_sodium_current">
         <component_ref component="fast_sodium_current_m_gate"/>
         <component_ref component="fast_sodium_current_h_gate"/>
         <component_ref component="fast_sodium_current_j_gate"/>
      </component_ref>
      <component_ref component="rapid_activating_delayed_rectifiyer_K_current">
         <component_ref component="rapid_activating_delayed_rectifiyer_K_current_X_kr_gate"/>
      </component_ref>
      <component_ref component="slow_activating_delayed_rectifiyer_K_current">
         <component_ref component="slow_activating_delayed_rectifiyer_K_current_X_ks_gate"/>
      </component_ref>
      <component_ref component="transient_outward_potassium_current">
         <component_ref component="transient_outward_potassium_current_X_to1_gate"/>
         <component_ref component="transient_outward_potassium_current_Y_to1_gate"/>
      </component_ref>
      <component_ref component="time_independent_potassium_current">
         <component_ref component="time_independent_potassium_current_K1_gate"/>
      </component_ref>
      <component_ref component="plateau_potassium_current">
         <component_ref component="plateau_potassium_current_Kp_gate"/>
      </component_ref>
      <component_ref component="L_type_Ca_current">
         <component_ref component="L_type_Ca_current_y_gate"/>
      </component_ref>
   </group>
   <connection>
      <map_components component_2="environment" component_1="membrane"/>
      <map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
   </connection>
   <connection>
      <map_components component_2="environment" component_1="fast_sodium_current"/>
      <map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
   </connection>
   <connection>
      <map_components component_2="environment" component_1="rapid_activating_delayed_rectifiyer_K_current"/>
      <map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
   </connection>
   <connection>
      <map_components component_2="environment" component_1="slow_activating_delayed_rectifiyer_K_current"/>
      <map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
   </connection>
   <connection>
      <map_components component_2="environment" component_1="transient_outward_potassium_current"/>
      <map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
   </connection>
   <connection>
      <map_components component_2="environment" component_1="time_independent_potassium_current"/>
      <map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
   </connection>
   <connection>
      <map_components component_2="environment" component_1="plateau_potassium_current"/>
      <map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
   </connection>
   <connection>
      <map_components component_2="environment" component_1="Na_Ca_exchanger"/>
      <map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
   </connection>
   <connection>
      <map_components component_2="environment" component_1="sodium_potassium_pump"/>
      <map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
   </connection>
   <connection>
      <map_components component_2="environment" component_1="sarcolemmal_calcium_pump"/>
      <map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
   </connection>
   <connection>
      <map_components component_2="environment" component_1="calcium_background_current"/>
      <map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
   </connection>
   <connection>
      <map_components component_2="environment" component_1="sodium_background_current"/>
      <map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
   </connection>
   <connection>
      <map_components component_2="environment" component_1="L_type_Ca_current"/>
      <map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
   </connection>
   <connection>
      <map_components component_2="environment" component_1="RyR_channel"/>
      <map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
   </connection>
   <connection>
      <map_components component_2="environment" component_1="SERCA2a_pump"/>
      <map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
   </connection>
   <connection>
      <map_components component_2="environment" component_1="intracellular_Ca_fluxes"/>
      <map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
   </connection>
   <connection>
      <map_components component_2="environment" component_1="intracellular_ion_concentrations"/>
      <map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
   </connection>
   <connection>
      <map_components component_2="fast_sodium_current" component_1="membrane"/>
      <map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
      <map_variables variable_2="R" variable_1="R"/>
      <map_variables variable_2="T" variable_1="T"/>
      <map_variables variable_2="F" variable_1="F"/>
      <map_variables variable_2="i_Na" variable_1="i_Na"/>
   </connection>
   <connection>
      <map_components component_2="rapid_activating_delayed_rectifiyer_K_current" component_1="membrane"/>
      <map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
      <map_variables variable_2="i_Kr" variable_1="i_Kr"/>
      <map_variables variable_2="R" variable_1="R"/>
      <map_variables variable_2="T" variable_1="T"/>
      <map_variables variable_2="F" variable_1="F"/>
   </connection>
   <connection>
      <map_components component_2="slow_activating_delayed_rectifiyer_K_current" component_1="membrane"/>
      <map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
      <map_variables variable_2="i_Ks" variable_1="i_Ks"/>
      <map_variables variable_2="R" variable_1="R"/>
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    <dc:title>Mechanisms of Altered Excitation-Contraction Coupling in Canine Tachycardia-Induced Heart Failure, II Model Studies</dc:title>
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