<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
<!--
This CellML file was generated on 21/08/2007 at 17:38:21 using:
COR (0.9.31.751)
Copyright 2002-2007 Dr Alan Garny
http://COR.physiol.ox.ac.uk/ - COR@physiol.ox.ac.uk
CellML 1.0 was used to generate this cellular model
http://www.CellML.org/
--><model xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" xmlns:cmeta="http://www.cellml.org/metadata/1.0#" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:bqs="http://www.cellml.org/bqs/1.0#" xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" xmlns:dcterms="http://purl.org/dc/terms/" xmlns:vCard="http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#" cmeta:id="noble_1962_version04" name="noble_1962_version04">
<documentation xmlns="http://cellml.org/tmp-documentation">
<article>
<articleinfo>
<title>Noble Purkinje Fibre Model 1962</title>
<author>
<firstname>Catherine</firstname>
<surname>Lloyd</surname>
<affiliation>
<shortaffil>Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland</shortaffil>
</affiliation>
</author>
</articleinfo>
<section id="sec_status">
<title>Model Status</title>
<para>
This model has been curated by both Penny Noble and James Lawson and is known to run in COR, JSim and OpenCell.
</para>
<para>This model is valid CellML and has consistent units</para>
</section>
<sect1 id="sec_structure">
<title>Model Structure</title>
<para>
In 1962, Denis Noble published one of the first mathematical models of a cardiac cell. By adapting the equations of the original Hodgkin-Huxley squid axon model (1952), Noble described the long lasting action and pace-maker potentials of the Purkinje fibres of the heart. The potassium-current equations differ from those of Hodgkin and Huxley in that the potassium ions are assumed to flow through two types of channel in the membrane. By contrast, the sodium current equations are very similar to those of Hodgkin and Huxley.
</para>
<para>
The main failure of the Noble (1962) model is that it only includes one voltage gated inward current, I<subscript>Na</subscript>. Calcium currents had not yet been discovered, but there was a clue in the model that something was missing. The only way the model could be made to work was to greatly extend the voltage range of the sodium current by reducing the voltage dependence of the sodium activation process. In effect the sodium current was made to serve the function of both the sodium and the calcium channels as far as the plateau is concerned. There was a clear experimental prediction: either sodium channels in the heart are quantitatively different from those in neurons, or other inward current-carrying channels must exist. Both predictions are correct.
</para>
<para>
The complete original paper reference is cited below:
</para>
<para>
A Modification of the Hodgkin-Huxley Equations Applicable to Purkinje Fibre Action and Pace-maker Potentials, Noble, D. 1962
<emphasis>Journal of Physiology</emphasis>
, 160, 317-352. <ulink url="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=14480151&dopt=Abstract">PubMed ID: 14480151</ulink>
</para>
<informalfigure float="0" id="fig_reaction_diagram">
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<objectinfo>
<title>model diagram</title>
</objectinfo>
<imagedata fileref="hodgkin_1952.png"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
<caption>A schematic cell diagram describing the current flows across the cell membrane that are captured in the Noble 1962 model. Note that this image is identical to the schematic diagram which describes the Hodgkin-Huxley 1952 model. This is because the Noble 1962 model is based on the HH 18952 model, and the ony differences are in the parameters of the model, and also the gating of the potassium channel - and these differences do not show in the schematic diagram.</caption>
</informalfigure>
</sect1>
</article>
</documentation>
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<dcterms:W3CDTF>1962-01-01</dcterms:W3CDTF>
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<cmeta:modification rdf:resource="rdf:#fa6607cc-772f-491c-b0bd-c8c641feed13"/>
<dcterms:created rdf:resource="rdf:#4851a981-8fa2-4fc8-a679-cbdb4a1da137"/>
<dc:creator rdf:resource="rdf:#967adaad-713c-4689-a962-e69b626e2248"/>
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<rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#b8e6ba3c-0914-43bf-8037-1424182388cb">
<dcterms:W3CDTF>2007-09-07T00:00:00+00:00</dcterms:W3CDTF>
</rdf:Description>
<rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#9faaf430-3656-4f95-be79-a1e31be11187">
<vCard:FN>James Lawson</vCard:FN>
</rdf:Description>
<rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#9e8fe311-1b9c-477b-a358-d83c2537bbf3">
<dc:creator rdf:resource="rdf:#bde132e3-049c-4da1-8e0a-b4d71b59075d"/>
<dc:title>A Modification of the Hodgkin-Huxley Equations Applicable to Purkinje Fibre Action and Pace-Maker Potentials</dc:title>
<bqs:volume>160</bqs:volume>
<bqs:first_page>317</bqs:first_page>
<bqs:Journal rdf:resource="rdf:#e56a5760-9087-425d-add3-5226ae63d572"/>
<dcterms:issued rdf:resource="rdf:#bab8bf9e-26fc-484f-a5b4-2c4a97a1d123"/>
<bqs:last_page>352</bqs:last_page>
</rdf:Description>
<rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#fa6607cc-772f-491c-b0bd-c8c641feed13">
<dcterms:modified rdf:resource="rdf:#29ec82ff-8775-4a8a-affa-2d23d612180b"/>
<rdf:value>
added metadata
</rdf:value>
<cmeta:modifier rdf:resource="rdf:#1ac643bb-53ff-4666-89b0-819cdf84034c"/>
</rdf:Description>
<rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#4851a981-8fa2-4fc8-a679-cbdb4a1da137">
<dcterms:W3CDTF>2005-05-04</dcterms:W3CDTF>
</rdf:Description>
<rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#017e298c-f99c-41cf-8439-d6a0723656eb">
<dc:creator rdf:resource="rdf:#e5a5bd71-3824-4f00-a109-83d494a47634"/>
<rdf:value>This is the CellML description of Noble's 1962 mathematical model of Purkinje fibre action and pace-maker potentials. The equations formulated by Hodgkin and Huxley (1952) to describe the electrical activity of squid nerve have been modified to describe the action and pace-maker potentials of the Purkinje fibres of the heart.</rdf:value>
</rdf:Description>
<rdf:Description rdf:about="#noble_1962_version04">
<bqs:reference rdf:resource="rdf:#aea6598d-b850-4aa6-9bb7-76452adba692"/>
<bqs:reference rdf:parseType="Resource">
<dc:subject rdf:parseType="Resource">
<bqs:subject_type>keyword</bqs:subject_type>
<rdf:value>
<rdf:Bag>
<rdf:li>purkinje</rdf:li>
<rdf:li>Purkinje fibre</rdf:li>
<rdf:li>electrophysiology</rdf:li>
<rdf:li>pacemaker</rdf:li>
<rdf:li>cardiac</rdf:li>
<rdf:li>hodgkin-huxley</rdf:li>
</rdf:Bag>
</rdf:value>
</dc:subject>
</bqs:reference>
<cmeta:comment rdf:resource="rdf:#017e298c-f99c-41cf-8439-d6a0723656eb"/>
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<rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#1167aea9-f639-491b-90fd-f4b23332d66d">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://imc.org/vCard/3.0#internet"/>
<rdf:value>penny.noble@physiol.ox.ac.uk</rdf:value>
</rdf:Description>
<rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#d2b6f58e-6293-4b50-b751-a6fd3ab1f989">
<dc:creator rdf:resource="rdf:#9faaf430-3656-4f95-be79-a1e31be11187"/>
<rdf:value>This model has been curated by both Penny Noble and James Lawson and is known to run in COR and PCEnv 0.2.</rdf:value>
</rdf:Description>
<rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#17575034-c342-4933-bab3-b4bb597edd4f">
<vCard:Given>Penny</vCard:Given>
<vCard:Family>Noble</vCard:Family>
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<rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#006c1b33-1b41-4dd2-8bd9-56bc28c91701">
<dcterms:W3CDTF>2007-09-07T13:50:26+12:00</dcterms:W3CDTF>
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<vCard:Given>D</vCard:Given>
<vCard:Family>Noble</vCard:Family>
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<vCard:Given>Penny</vCard:Given>
<vCard:Family>Noble</vCard:Family>
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<rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#e91df542-a47c-43d9-b0ff-b0767719d581">
<vCard:Orgname>Oxford University</vCard:Orgname>
</rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>
</model>
