Location: semantic-annotation @ 92367a08b2bb / SEDML / luo_rudy_1991_13.cellml

Author:
Dewan Sarwar <dsar941@UoA.auckland.ac.nz>
Date:
2020-06-25 21:17:52+12:00
Desc:
annotations changed for mackenzie model
Permanent Source URI:
https://models.cellml.org/workspace/267/rawfile/92367a08b2bb9612257ef3f32b6823adf5e0d53b/SEDML/luo_rudy_1991_13.cellml

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  <documentation xmlns="http://cellml.org/tmp-documentation">
    <article>
      <articleinfo>
        <title>Luo-Rudy Mammalian Ventricular Model I 1991</title>
        <author>
          <firstname>Catherine</firstname>
          <surname>Lloyd</surname>
          <affiliation>
            <shortaffil>Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland</shortaffil>
          </affiliation>
        </author>
      </articleinfo>
      <section id="sec_status">
        <title>Model Status</title>
        <para>This model has been curated and unit checked and is known to replicate the published results in OpenCell and COR.</para>
      </section>
      <sect1 id="sec_structure">
        <title>Model Structure</title>
        <para>In 1991, Ching-hsing Luo and Yoram Rudy published a mathematical model of the ventricular cardiac action potential.  This original model is the first of the two Luo-Rudy models, and it has subsequently come to be known as the Luo-Rudy I model.  It is a significant update of the Beeler-Reuter mammalian ventricular model (1977) (see the figure below), and like the the Beeler-Reuter model, the Luo-Rudy I model uses Hodgkin-Huxley type equations to calculate ionic currents.</para>
        <para>The complete original paper reference is cited below:</para>
        <para>
          A Model of the Ventricular Cardiac Action Potential - Depolarisation, Repolarisation and Their Interaction, Ching-hsing Luo and Yoram Rudy, 1991
          <emphasis>Circulation Research</emphasis>
          , 68, 1501-1526.
          <ulink url="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;list_uids=1709839&amp;dopt=Abstract">PubMed ID: 1709839</ulink>
        </para>
        <informalfigure float="0" id="fig_cell_diagram">
          <mediaobject>
            <imageobject>
              <objectinfo>
                <title>cell diagram of the LR-I model showing ionic currents, pumps and exchangers within the sarcolemma</title>
              </objectinfo>
              <imagedata fileref="luo_rudy_i_1991.png" />
            </imageobject>
          </mediaobject>
          <caption>A schematic diagram describing the current flows across the cell membrane that are captured in the LR-I model.</caption>
        </informalfigure>
      </sect1>
    </article>
  </documentation>
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                      <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.01052</cn>
                    </apply>
                    <ci>V</ci>
                  </apply>
                </apply>
              </apply>
              <apply>
                <plus />
                <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
                <apply>
                  <exp />
                  <apply>
                    <times />
                    <apply>
                      <minus />
                      <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.1378</cn>
                    </apply>
                    <apply>
                      <plus />
                      <ci>V</ci>
                      <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="millivolt">40.14</cn>
                    </apply>
                  </apply>
                </apply>
              </apply>
            </apply>
            <apply>
              <lt />
              <ci>V</ci>
              <apply>
                <minus />
                <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="millivolt">40</cn>
              </apply>
            </apply>
          </piece>
          <otherwise>
            <apply>
              <divide />
              <apply>
                <times />
                <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="per_millisecond">0.3</cn>
                <apply>
                  <exp />
                  <apply>
                    <times />
                    <apply>
                      <minus />
                      <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.0000002535</cn>
                    </apply>
                    <ci>V</ci>
                  </apply>
                </apply>
              </apply>
              <apply>
                <plus />
                <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
                <apply>
                  <exp />
                  <apply>
                    <times />
                    <apply>
                      <minus />
                      <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.1</cn>
                    </apply>
                    <apply>
                      <plus />
                      <ci>V</ci>
                      <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="millivolt">32</cn>
                    </apply>
                  </apply>
                </apply>
              </apply>
            </apply>
          </otherwise>
        </piecewise>
      </apply>
      <apply>
        <eq />
        <apply>
          <diff />
          <bvar>
            <ci>time</ci>
          </bvar>
          <ci>j</ci>
        </apply>
        <apply>
          <minus />
          <apply>
            <times />
            <ci>alpha_j</ci>
            <apply>
              <minus />
              <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
              <ci>j</ci>
            </apply>
          </apply>
          <apply>
            <times />
            <ci>beta_j</ci>
            <ci>j</ci>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
    </math>
  </component>
  <component name="slow_inward_current" cmeta:id="id_00028">
    <variable cmeta:id="id_00030" name="i_si" public_interface="out" units="microA_per_cm2" />
    <variable cmeta:id="id_00031" name="E_si" units="millivolt" />
    <variable cmeta:id="slow_inward_current.time" name="time" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" units="millisecond" />
    <variable cmeta:id="slow_inward_current.V" name="V" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" units="millivolt" />
    <variable cmeta:id="id_00029" name="Cai" public_interface="in" units="millimolar" />
    <variable cmeta:id="slow_inward_current.d" name="d" private_interface="in" units="dimensionless" />
    <variable cmeta:id="slow_inward_current.f" name="f" private_interface="in" units="dimensionless" />
    <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
      <apply>
        <eq />
        <ci>E_si</ci>
        <apply>
          <minus />
          <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="millivolt">7.7</cn>
          <apply>
            <times />
            <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="millivolt">13.0287</cn>
            <apply>
              <ln />
              <apply>
                <divide />
                <ci>Cai</ci>
                <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="millimolar">1</cn>
              </apply>
            </apply>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
      <apply>
        <eq />
        <ci>i_si</ci>
        <apply>
          <times />
          <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="milliS_per_cm2">0.09</cn>
          <ci>d</ci>
          <ci>f</ci>
          <apply>
            <minus />
            <ci>V</ci>
            <ci>E_si</ci>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
    </math>
  </component>
  <component name="slow_inward_current_d_gate" cmeta:id="id_00026">
    <variable cmeta:id="slow_inward_current_d_gate.d" initial_value="0.00302126301779861" name="d" public_interface="out" units="dimensionless" />
    <variable cmeta:id="slow_inward_current_d_gate.alpha_d" name="alpha_d" units="per_millisecond" />
    <variable cmeta:id="slow_inward_current_d_gate.beta_d" name="beta_d" units="per_millisecond" />
    <variable cmeta:id="slow_inward_current_d_gate.V" name="V" public_interface="in" units="millivolt" />
    <variable cmeta:id="slow_inward_current_d_gate.time" name="time" public_interface="in" units="millisecond" />
    <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
      <apply>
        <eq />
        <ci>alpha_d</ci>
        <apply>
          <divide />
          <apply>
            <times />
            <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="per_millisecond">0.095</cn>
            <apply>
              <exp />
              <apply>
                <times />
                <apply>
                  <minus />
                  <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.01</cn>
                </apply>
                <apply>
                  <minus />
                  <ci>V</ci>
                  <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="millivolt">5</cn>
                </apply>
              </apply>
            </apply>
          </apply>
          <apply>
            <plus />
            <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
            <apply>
              <exp />
              <apply>
                <times />
                <apply>
                  <minus />
                  <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.072</cn>
                </apply>
                <apply>
                  <minus />
                  <ci>V</ci>
                  <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="millivolt">5</cn>
                </apply>
              </apply>
            </apply>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
      <apply>
        <eq />
        <ci>beta_d</ci>
        <apply>
          <divide />
          <apply>
            <times />
            <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="per_millisecond">0.07</cn>
            <apply>
              <exp />
              <apply>
                <times />
                <apply>
                  <minus />
                  <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.017</cn>
                </apply>
                <apply>
                  <plus />
                  <ci>V</ci>
                  <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="millivolt">44</cn>
                </apply>
              </apply>
            </apply>
          </apply>
          <apply>
            <plus />
            <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
            <apply>
              <exp />
              <apply>
                <times />
                <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.05</cn>
                <apply>
                  <plus />
                  <ci>V</ci>
                  <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="millivolt">44</cn>
                </apply>
              </apply>
            </apply>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
      <apply>
        <eq />
        <apply>
          <diff />
          <bvar>
            <ci>time</ci>
          </bvar>
          <ci>d</ci>
        </apply>
        <apply>
          <minus />
          <apply>
            <times />
            <ci>alpha_d</ci>
            <apply>
              <minus />
              <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
              <ci>d</ci>
            </apply>
          </apply>
          <apply>
            <times />
            <ci>beta_d</ci>
            <ci>d</ci>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
    </math>
  </component>
  <component name="slow_inward_current_f_gate" cmeta:id="id_00027">
    <variable cmeta:id="slow_inward_current_f_gate.f" initial_value="0.999967936476325" name="f" public_interface="out" units="dimensionless" />
    <variable cmeta:id="slow_inward_current_f_gate.alpha_f" name="alpha_f" units="per_millisecond" />
    <variable cmeta:id="slow_inward_current_f_gate.beta_f" name="beta_f" units="per_millisecond" />
    <variable cmeta:id="slow_inward_current_f_gate.V" name="V" public_interface="in" units="millivolt" />
    <variable cmeta:id="slow_inward_current_f_gate.time" name="time" public_interface="in" units="millisecond" />
    <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
      <apply>
        <eq />
        <ci>alpha_f</ci>
        <apply>
          <divide />
          <apply>
            <times />
            <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="per_millisecond">0.012</cn>
            <apply>
              <exp />
              <apply>
                <times />
                <apply>
                  <minus />
                  <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.008</cn>
                </apply>
                <apply>
                  <plus />
                  <ci>V</ci>
                  <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="millivolt">28</cn>
                </apply>
              </apply>
            </apply>
          </apply>
          <apply>
            <plus />
            <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
            <apply>
              <exp />
              <apply>
                <times />
                <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.15</cn>
                <apply>
                  <plus />
                  <ci>V</ci>
                  <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="millivolt">28</cn>
                </apply>
              </apply>
            </apply>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
      <apply>
        <eq />
        <ci>beta_f</ci>
        <apply>
          <divide />
          <apply>
            <times />
            <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="per_millisecond">0.0065</cn>
            <apply>
              <exp />
              <apply>
                <times />
                <apply>
                  <minus />
                  <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.02</cn>
                </apply>
                <apply>
                  <plus />
                  <ci>V</ci>
                  <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="millivolt">30</cn>
                </apply>
              </apply>
            </apply>
          </apply>
          <apply>
            <plus />
            <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
            <apply>
              <exp />
              <apply>
                <times />
                <apply>
                  <minus />
                  <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.2</cn>
                </apply>
                <apply>
                  <plus />
                  <ci>V</ci>
                  <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="millivolt">30</cn>
                </apply>
              </apply>
            </apply>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
      <apply>
        <eq />
        <apply>
          <diff />
          <bvar>
            <ci>time</ci>
          </bvar>
          <ci>f</ci>
        </apply>
        <apply>
          <minus />
          <apply>
            <times />
            <ci>alpha_f</ci>
            <apply>
              <minus />
              <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
              <ci>f</ci>
            </apply>
          </apply>
          <apply>
            <times />
            <ci>beta_f</ci>
            <ci>f</ci>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
    </math>
  </component>
  <component name="time_dependent_potassium_current" cmeta:id="id_00007">
    <variable cmeta:id="id_00034" name="i_K" public_interface="out" units="microA_per_cm2" />
    <variable cmeta:id="id_00033" name="g_K" units="milliS_per_cm2" />
    <variable cmeta:id="id_00032" name="E_K" units="millivolt" />
    <variable cmeta:id="time_dependent_potassium_current.PR_NaK" initial_value="0.01833" name="PR_NaK" units="dimensionless" />
    <variable cmeta:id="time_dependent_potassium_current.time" name="time" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" units="millisecond" />
    <variable cmeta:id="time_dependent_potassium_current.V" name="V" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" units="millivolt" />
    <variable cmeta:id="time_dependent_potassium_current.R" name="R" public_interface="in" units="joule_per_kilomole_kelvin" />
    <variable cmeta:id="time_dependent_potassium_current.T" name="T" public_interface="in" units="kelvin" />
    <variable cmeta:id="time_dependent_potassium_current.F" name="F" public_interface="in" units="coulomb_per_mole" />
    <variable cmeta:id="id_00035" name="Ko" public_interface="in" units="millimolar" />
    <variable cmeta:id="id_00036" name="Ki" public_interface="in" units="millimolar" />
    <variable cmeta:id="id_00037" name="Nao" public_interface="in" units="millimolar" />
    <variable cmeta:id="id_00038" name="Nai" public_interface="in" units="millimolar" />
    <variable cmeta:id="time_dependent_potassium_current.X" name="X" private_interface="in" units="dimensionless" />
    <variable cmeta:id="time_dependent_potassium_current.Xi" name="Xi" private_interface="in" units="dimensionless" />
    <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
      <apply>
        <eq />
        <ci>g_K</ci>
        <apply>
          <times />
          <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="milliS_per_cm2">0.282</cn>
          <apply>
            <root />
            <apply>
              <divide />
              <ci>Ko</ci>
              <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="millimolar">5.4</cn>
            </apply>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
      <apply>
        <eq />
        <ci>E_K</ci>
        <apply>
          <times />
          <apply>
            <divide />
            <apply>
              <times />
              <ci>R</ci>
              <ci>T</ci>
            </apply>
            <ci>F</ci>
          </apply>
          <apply>
            <ln />
            <apply>
              <divide />
              <apply>
                <plus />
                <ci>Ko</ci>
                <apply>
                  <times />
                  <ci>PR_NaK</ci>
                  <ci>Nao</ci>
                </apply>
              </apply>
              <apply>
                <plus />
                <ci>Ki</ci>
                <apply>
                  <times />
                  <ci>PR_NaK</ci>
                  <ci>Nai</ci>
                </apply>
              </apply>
            </apply>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
      <apply>
        <eq />
        <ci>i_K</ci>
        <apply>
          <times />
          <ci>g_K</ci>
          <ci>X</ci>
          <ci>Xi</ci>
          <apply>
            <minus />
            <ci>V</ci>
            <ci>E_K</ci>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
    </math>
  </component>
  <component name="time_dependent_potassium_current_X_gate" cmeta:id="id_00008">
    <variable cmeta:id="time_dependent_potassium_current_X_gate.X" initial_value="0.0417603108167287" name="X" public_interface="out" units="dimensionless" />
    <variable cmeta:id="time_dependent_potassium_current_X_gate.alpha_X" name="alpha_X" units="per_millisecond" />
    <variable cmeta:id="time_dependent_potassium_current_X_gate.beta_X" name="beta_X" units="per_millisecond" />
    <variable cmeta:id="time_dependent_potassium_current_X_gate.V" name="V" public_interface="in" units="millivolt" />
    <variable cmeta:id="time_dependent_potassium_current_X_gate.time" name="time" public_interface="in" units="millisecond" />
    <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
      <apply>
        <eq />
        <ci>alpha_X</ci>
        <apply>
          <divide />
          <apply>
            <times />
            <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="per_millisecond">0.0005</cn>
            <apply>
              <exp />
              <apply>
                <times />
                <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.083</cn>
                <apply>
                  <plus />
                  <ci>V</ci>
                  <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="millivolt">50</cn>
                </apply>
              </apply>
            </apply>
          </apply>
          <apply>
            <plus />
            <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
            <apply>
              <exp />
              <apply>
                <times />
                <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.057</cn>
                <apply>
                  <plus />
                  <ci>V</ci>
                  <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="millivolt">50</cn>
                </apply>
              </apply>
            </apply>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
      <apply>
        <eq />
        <ci>beta_X</ci>
        <apply>
          <divide />
          <apply>
            <times />
            <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="per_millisecond">0.0013</cn>
            <apply>
              <exp />
              <apply>
                <times />
                <apply>
                  <minus />
                  <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.06</cn>
                </apply>
                <apply>
                  <plus />
                  <ci>V</ci>
                  <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="millivolt">20</cn>
                </apply>
              </apply>
            </apply>
          </apply>
          <apply>
            <plus />
            <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
            <apply>
              <exp />
              <apply>
                <times />
                <apply>
                  <minus />
                  <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.04</cn>
                </apply>
                <apply>
                  <plus />
                  <ci>V</ci>
                  <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="millivolt">20</cn>
                </apply>
              </apply>
            </apply>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
      <apply>
        <eq />
        <apply>
          <diff />
          <bvar>
            <ci>time</ci>
          </bvar>
          <ci>X</ci>
        </apply>
        <apply>
          <minus />
          <apply>
            <times />
            <ci>alpha_X</ci>
            <apply>
              <minus />
              <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
              <ci>X</ci>
            </apply>
          </apply>
          <apply>
            <times />
            <ci>beta_X</ci>
            <ci>X</ci>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
    </math>
  </component>
  <component name="time_dependent_potassium_current_Xi_gate" cmeta:id="id_00009">
    <variable cmeta:id="time_dependent_potassium_current_Xi_gate.Xi" name="Xi" public_interface="out" units="dimensionless" />
    <variable cmeta:id="time_dependent_potassium_current_Xi_gate.V" name="V" public_interface="in" units="millivolt" />
    <variable cmeta:id="time_dependent_potassium_current_Xi_gate.time" name="time" public_interface="in" units="millisecond" />
    <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
      <apply>
        <eq />
        <ci>Xi</ci>
        <piecewise>
          <piece>
            <apply>
              <divide />
              <apply>
                <times />
                <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="millivolt">2.837</cn>
                <apply>
                  <minus />
                  <apply>
                    <exp />
                    <apply>
                      <times />
                      <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.04</cn>
                      <apply>
                        <plus />
                        <ci>V</ci>
                        <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="millivolt">77</cn>
                      </apply>
                    </apply>
                  </apply>
                  <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
                </apply>
              </apply>
              <apply>
                <times />
                <apply>
                  <plus />
                  <ci>V</ci>
                  <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="millivolt">77</cn>
                </apply>
                <apply>
                  <exp />
                  <apply>
                    <times />
                    <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.04</cn>
                    <apply>
                      <plus />
                      <ci>V</ci>
                      <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="millivolt">35</cn>
                    </apply>
                  </apply>
                </apply>
              </apply>
            </apply>
            <apply>
              <gt />
              <ci>V</ci>
              <apply>
                <minus />
                <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="millivolt">100</cn>
              </apply>
            </apply>
          </piece>
          <otherwise>
            <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
          </otherwise>
        </piecewise>
      </apply>
    </math>
  </component>
  <component name="time_independent_potassium_current" cmeta:id="id_00010">
    <variable cmeta:id="id_00039" name="i_K1" public_interface="out" units="microA_per_cm2" />
    <variable cmeta:id="id_00040" name="E_K1" public_interface="out" private_interface="out" units="millivolt" />
    <variable cmeta:id="id_00041" name="g_K1" units="milliS_per_cm2" />
    <variable cmeta:id="time_independent_potassium_current.V" name="V" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" units="millivolt" />
    <variable cmeta:id="time_independent_potassium_current.Ko" name="Ko" public_interface="in" units="millimolar" />
    <variable cmeta:id="time_independent_potassium_current.Ki" name="Ki" public_interface="in" units="millimolar" />
    <variable cmeta:id="time_independent_potassium_current.R" name="R" public_interface="in" units="joule_per_kilomole_kelvin" />
    <variable cmeta:id="time_independent_potassium_current.T" name="T" public_interface="in" units="kelvin" />
    <variable cmeta:id="time_independent_potassium_current.F" name="F" public_interface="in" units="coulomb_per_mole" />
    <variable cmeta:id="id_00047" name="K1_infinity" private_interface="in" units="dimensionless" />
    <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
      <apply>
        <eq />
        <ci>g_K1</ci>
        <apply>
          <times />
          <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="milliS_per_cm2">0.6047</cn>
          <apply>
            <root />
            <apply>
              <divide />
              <ci>Ko</ci>
              <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="millimolar">5.4</cn>
            </apply>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
      <apply>
        <eq />
        <ci>E_K1</ci>
        <apply>
          <times />
          <apply>
            <divide />
            <apply>
              <times />
              <ci>R</ci>
              <ci>T</ci>
            </apply>
            <ci>F</ci>
          </apply>
          <apply>
            <ln />
            <apply>
              <divide />
              <ci>Ko</ci>
              <ci>Ki</ci>
            </apply>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
      <apply>
        <eq />
        <ci>i_K1</ci>
        <apply>
          <times />
          <ci>g_K1</ci>
          <ci>K1_infinity</ci>
          <apply>
            <minus />
            <ci>V</ci>
            <ci>E_K1</ci>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
    </math>
  </component>
  <component name="time_independent_potassium_current_K1_gate" cmeta:id="id_00011">
    <variable cmeta:id="time_independent_potassium_current_K1_gate.K1_infinity" name="K1_infinity" public_interface="out" units="dimensionless" />
    <variable cmeta:id="time_independent_potassium_current_K1_gate.alpha_K1" name="alpha_K1" units="per_millisecond" />
    <variable cmeta:id="time_independent_potassium_current_K1_gate.beta_K1" name="beta_K1" units="per_millisecond" />
    <variable cmeta:id="time_independent_potassium_current_K1_gate.V" name="V" public_interface="in" units="millivolt" />
    <variable cmeta:id="id_00042" name="E_K1" public_interface="in" units="millivolt" />
    <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
      <apply>
        <eq />
        <ci>alpha_K1</ci>
        <apply>
          <divide />
          <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="per_millisecond">1.02</cn>
          <apply>
            <plus />
            <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
            <apply>
              <exp />
              <apply>
                <times />
                <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.2385</cn>
                <apply>
                  <minus />
                  <apply>
                    <minus />
                    <ci>V</ci>
                    <ci>E_K1</ci>
                  </apply>
                  <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="millivolt">59.215</cn>
                </apply>
              </apply>
            </apply>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
      <apply>
        <eq />
        <ci>beta_K1</ci>
        <apply>
          <divide />
          <apply>
            <plus />
            <apply>
              <times />
              <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="per_millisecond">0.49124</cn>
              <apply>
                <exp />
                <apply>
                  <times />
                  <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.08032</cn>
                  <apply>
                    <minus />
                    <apply>
                      <plus />
                      <ci>V</ci>
                      <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="millivolt">5.476</cn>
                    </apply>
                    <ci>E_K1</ci>
                  </apply>
                </apply>
              </apply>
            </apply>
            <apply>
              <times />
              <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="per_millisecond">1</cn>
              <apply>
                <exp />
                <apply>
                  <times />
                  <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.06175</cn>
                  <apply>
                    <minus />
                    <ci>V</ci>
                    <apply>
                      <plus />
                      <ci>E_K1</ci>
                      <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="millivolt">594.31</cn>
                    </apply>
                  </apply>
                </apply>
              </apply>
            </apply>
          </apply>
          <apply>
            <plus />
            <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
            <apply>
              <exp />
              <apply>
                <times />
                <apply>
                  <minus />
                  <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.5143</cn>
                </apply>
                <apply>
                  <plus />
                  <apply>
                    <minus />
                    <ci>V</ci>
                    <ci>E_K1</ci>
                  </apply>
                  <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="millivolt">4.753</cn>
                </apply>
              </apply>
            </apply>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
      <apply>
        <eq />
        <ci>K1_infinity</ci>
        <apply>
          <divide />
          <ci>alpha_K1</ci>
          <apply>
            <plus />
            <ci>alpha_K1</ci>
            <ci>beta_K1</ci>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
    </math>
  </component>
  <component name="plateau_potassium_current" cmeta:id="id_00022">
    <variable cmeta:id="id_00023" name="i_Kp" public_interface="out" units="microA_per_cm2" />
    <variable cmeta:id="id_00043" name="E_Kp" units="millivolt" />
    <variable cmeta:id="id_00044" initial_value="0.0183" name="g_Kp" units="milliS_per_cm2" />
    <variable cmeta:id="plateau_potassium_current.Kp" name="Kp" units="dimensionless" />
    <variable cmeta:id="plateau_potassium_current.V" name="V" public_interface="in" units="millivolt" />
    <variable cmeta:id="id_00046" name="E_K1" public_interface="in" units="millivolt" />
    <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
      <apply>
        <eq />
        <ci>E_Kp</ci>
        <ci>E_K1</ci>
      </apply>
      <apply>
        <eq />
        <ci>Kp</ci>
        <apply>
          <divide />
          <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
          <apply>
            <plus />
            <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
            <apply>
              <exp />
              <apply>
                <divide />
                <apply>
                  <minus />
                  <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="millivolt">7.488</cn>
                  <ci>V</ci>
                </apply>
                <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="millivolt">5.98</cn>
              </apply>
            </apply>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
      <apply>
        <eq />
        <ci>i_Kp</ci>
        <apply>
          <times />
          <ci>g_Kp</ci>
          <ci>Kp</ci>
          <apply>
            <minus />
            <ci>V</ci>
            <ci>E_Kp</ci>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
    </math>
  </component>
  <component name="background_current" cmeta:id="id_00018">
    <variable cmeta:id="id_00019" name="i_b" public_interface="out" units="microA_per_cm2" />
    <variable cmeta:id="id_00020" initial_value="-59.87" name="E_b" units="millivolt" />
    <variable cmeta:id="id_00021" initial_value="0.03921" name="g_b" units="milliS_per_cm2" />
    <variable cmeta:id="background_current.V" name="V" public_interface="in" units="millivolt" />
    <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
      <apply>
        <eq />
        <ci>i_b</ci>
        <apply>
          <times />
          <ci>g_b</ci>
          <apply>
            <minus />
            <ci>V</ci>
            <ci>E_b</ci>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
    </math>
  </component>
  <component name="ionic_concentrations">
    <variable cmeta:id="id_00014" initial_value="140" name="Nao" public_interface="out" units="millimolar" />
    <variable cmeta:id="id_00015" initial_value="18" name="Nai" public_interface="out" units="millimolar" />
    <variable cmeta:id="id_00016" initial_value="145" name="Ki" public_interface="out" units="millimolar" />
    <variable cmeta:id="id_00017" initial_value="5.4" name="Ko" public_interface="out" units="millimolar" />
  </component>
  <component name="intracellular_calcium_concentration" cmeta:id="id_00012">
    <variable cmeta:id="id_00013" initial_value="0.00017948816388306" name="Cai" public_interface="out" units="millimolar" />
    <variable cmeta:id="intracellular_calcium_concentration.time" name="time" public_interface="in" units="millisecond" />
    <variable cmeta:id="id_00045" name="i_si" public_interface="in" units="microA_per_cm2" />
    <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
      <apply>
        <eq />
        <apply>
          <diff />
          <bvar>
            <ci>time</ci>
          </bvar>
          <ci>Cai</ci>
        </apply>
        <apply>
          <plus />
          <apply>
            <times />
            <apply>
              <divide />
              <apply>
                <minus />
                <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="per_1000_centimetre">0.0001</cn>
              </apply>
              <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="coulomb_per_mole">1</cn>
            </apply>
            <ci>i_si</ci>
          </apply>
          <apply>
            <times />
            <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="per_millisecond">0.07</cn>
            <apply>
              <minus />
              <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="millimolar">0.0001</cn>
              <ci>Cai</ci>
            </apply>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
    </math>
  </component>
  <group>
    <relationship_ref relationship="encapsulation" />
    <component_ref component="fast_sodium_current">
      <component_ref component="fast_sodium_current_m_gate" />
      <component_ref component="fast_sodium_current_j_gate" />
      <component_ref component="fast_sodium_current_h_gate" />
    </component_ref>
    <component_ref component="time_dependent_potassium_current">
      <component_ref component="time_dependent_potassium_current_X_gate" />
      <component_ref component="time_dependent_potassium_current_Xi_gate" />
    </component_ref>
    <component_ref component="slow_inward_current">
      <component_ref component="slow_inward_current_d_gate" />
      <component_ref component="slow_inward_current_f_gate" />
    </component_ref>
    <component_ref component="time_independent_potassium_current">
      <component_ref component="time_independent_potassium_current_K1_gate" />
    </component_ref>
  </group>
  <group>
    <relationship_ref relationship="containment" />
    <component_ref component="membrane">
      <component_ref component="fast_sodium_current">
        <component_ref component="fast_sodium_current_m_gate" />
        <component_ref component="fast_sodium_current_j_gate" />
        <component_ref component="fast_sodium_current_h_gate" />
      </component_ref>
      <component_ref component="plateau_potassium_current" />
      <component_ref component="time_dependent_potassium_current">
        <component_ref component="time_dependent_potassium_current_X_gate" />
        <component_ref component="time_dependent_potassium_current_Xi_gate" />
      </component_ref>
      <component_ref component="background_current" />
      <component_ref component="intracellular_calcium_concentration" />
      <component_ref component="slow_inward_current">
        <component_ref component="slow_inward_current_d_gate" />
        <component_ref component="slow_inward_current_f_gate" />
      </component_ref>
      <component_ref component="time_independent_potassium_current">
        <component_ref component="time_independent_potassium_current_K1_gate" />
      </component_ref>
      <component_ref component="ionic_concentrations" />
    </component_ref>
  </group>
  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="environment" component_2="slow_inward_current" />
    <map_variables variable_1="time" variable_2="time" />
  </connection>
  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="time_dependent_potassium_current_X_gate" component_2="time_dependent_potassium_current" />
    <map_variables variable_1="X" variable_2="X" />
  </connection>
  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="slow_inward_current" component_2="intracellular_calcium_concentration" />
    <map_variables variable_1="i_si" variable_2="i_si" />
  </connection>
  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="membrane" component_2="background_current" />
    <map_variables variable_1="V" variable_2="V" />
  </connection>
  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="membrane" component_2="time_dependent_potassium_current" />
    <map_variables variable_1="F" variable_2="F" />
    <map_variables variable_1="V" variable_2="V" />
    <map_variables variable_1="T" variable_2="T" />
    <map_variables variable_1="R" variable_2="R" />
  </connection>
  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="fast_sodium_current_m_gate" component_2="fast_sodium_current" />
    <map_variables variable_1="m" variable_2="m" />
  </connection>
  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="fast_sodium_current_h_gate" component_2="fast_sodium_current" />
    <map_variables variable_1="h" variable_2="h" />
  </connection>
  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="time_independent_potassium_current_K1_gate" component_2="time_independent_potassium_current" />
    <map_variables variable_1="K1_infinity" variable_2="K1_infinity" />
  </connection>
  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="membrane" component_2="fast_sodium_current" />
    <map_variables variable_1="F" variable_2="F" />
    <map_variables variable_1="V" variable_2="V" />
    <map_variables variable_1="T" variable_2="T" />
    <map_variables variable_1="R" variable_2="R" />
  </connection>
  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="time_dependent_potassium_current" component_2="time_dependent_potassium_current_Xi_gate" />
    <map_variables variable_1="time" variable_2="time" />
    <map_variables variable_1="V" variable_2="V" />
  </connection>
  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="membrane" component_2="slow_inward_current" />
    <map_variables variable_1="V" variable_2="V" />
  </connection>
  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="ionic_concentrations" component_2="fast_sodium_current" />
    <map_variables variable_1="Nao" variable_2="Nao" />
    <map_variables variable_1="Nai" variable_2="Nai" />
  </connection>
  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="membrane" component_2="time_independent_potassium_current" />
    <map_variables variable_1="F" variable_2="F" />
    <map_variables variable_1="V" variable_2="V" />
    <map_variables variable_1="T" variable_2="T" />
    <map_variables variable_1="R" variable_2="R" />
  </connection>
  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="intracellular_calcium_concentration" component_2="slow_inward_current" />
    <map_variables variable_1="Cai" variable_2="Cai" />
  </connection>
  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="fast_sodium_current" component_2="membrane" />
    <map_variables variable_1="i_Na" variable_2="i_Na" />
  </connection>
  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="ionic_concentrations" component_2="time_dependent_potassium_current" />
    <map_variables variable_1="Nao" variable_2="Nao" />
    <map_variables variable_1="Nai" variable_2="Nai" />
    <map_variables variable_1="Ko" variable_2="Ko" />
    <map_variables variable_1="Ki" variable_2="Ki" />
  </connection>
  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="fast_sodium_current" component_2="fast_sodium_current_m_gate" />
    <map_variables variable_1="time" variable_2="time" />
    <map_variables variable_1="V" variable_2="V" />
  </connection>
  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="slow_inward_current" component_2="slow_inward_current_d_gate" />
    <map_variables variable_1="time" variable_2="time" />
    <map_variables variable_1="V" variable_2="V" />
  </connection>
  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="time_dependent_potassium_current" component_2="membrane" />
    <map_variables variable_1="i_K" variable_2="i_K" />
  </connection>
  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="environment" component_2="membrane" />
    <map_variables variable_1="time" variable_2="time" />
  </connection>
  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="fast_sodium_current" component_2="fast_sodium_current_j_gate" />
    <map_variables variable_1="time" variable_2="time" />
    <map_variables variable_1="V" variable_2="V" />
  </connection>
  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="time_independent_potassium_current" component_2="time_independent_potassium_current_K1_gate" />
    <map_variables variable_1="E_K1" variable_2="E_K1" />
    <map_variables variable_1="V" variable_2="V" />
  </connection>
  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="environment" component_2="intracellular_calcium_concentration" />
    <map_variables variable_1="time" variable_2="time" />
  </connection>
  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="slow_inward_current_d_gate" component_2="slow_inward_current" />
    <map_variables variable_1="d" variable_2="d" />
  </connection>
  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="time_dependent_potassium_current" component_2="time_dependent_potassium_current_X_gate" />
    <map_variables variable_1="time" variable_2="time" />
    <map_variables variable_1="V" variable_2="V" />
  </connection>
  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="time_independent_potassium_current" component_2="plateau_potassium_current" />
    <map_variables variable_1="E_K1" variable_2="E_K1" />
  </connection>
  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="slow_inward_current" component_2="slow_inward_current_f_gate" />
    <map_variables variable_1="time" variable_2="time" />
    <map_variables variable_1="V" variable_2="V" />
  </connection>
  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="plateau_potassium_current" component_2="membrane" />
    <map_variables variable_1="i_Kp" variable_2="i_Kp" />
  </connection>
  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="environment" component_2="fast_sodium_current" />
    <map_variables variable_1="time" variable_2="time" />
  </connection>
  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="slow_inward_current_f_gate" component_2="slow_inward_current" />
    <map_variables variable_1="f" variable_2="f" />
  </connection>
  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="time_dependent_potassium_current_Xi_gate" component_2="time_dependent_potassium_current" />
    <map_variables variable_1="Xi" variable_2="Xi" />
  </connection>
  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="time_independent_potassium_current" component_2="membrane" />
    <map_variables variable_1="i_K1" variable_2="i_K1" />
  </connection>
  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="background_current" component_2="membrane" />
    <map_variables variable_1="i_b" variable_2="i_b" />
  </connection>
  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="environment" component_2="time_dependent_potassium_current" />
    <map_variables variable_1="time" variable_2="time" />
  </connection>
  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="ionic_concentrations" component_2="time_independent_potassium_current" />
    <map_variables variable_1="Ko" variable_2="Ko" />
    <map_variables variable_1="Ki" variable_2="Ki" />
  </connection>
  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="fast_sodium_current" component_2="fast_sodium_current_h_gate" />
    <map_variables variable_1="time" variable_2="time" />
    <map_variables variable_1="V" variable_2="V" />
  </connection>
  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="fast_sodium_current_j_gate" component_2="fast_sodium_current" />
    <map_variables variable_1="j" variable_2="j" />
  </connection>
  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="slow_inward_current" component_2="membrane" />
    <map_variables variable_1="i_si" variable_2="i_si" />
  </connection>
  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="membrane" component_2="plateau_potassium_current" />
    <map_variables variable_1="V" variable_2="V" />
  </connection>
</model>