- Author:
- Dewan Sarwar <dsar941@UoA.auckland.ac.nz>
- Date:
- 2020-03-03 13:03:34+13:00
- Desc:
- adding protocol 12's files
- Permanent Source URI:
- https://models.cellml.org/workspace/267/rawfile/d44f8afdbd0a4167510f7fdb8380c45b121c459b/chang_fujita_b_1999.cellml
<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<model cmeta:id="chang_fujita_b_1999" name="chang_fujita_b_1999" xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" xmlns:cmeta="http://www.cellml.org/metadata/1.0#">
<units name="J_per_mmol">
<unit exponent="-1.0" prefix="milli" units="mole"/>
<unit exponent="-1.0" units="kelvin"/>
<unit units="joule"/>
</units>
<units name="cm_per_s">
<unit prefix="centi" units="metre"/>
<unit exponent="-1.0" units="second"/>
</units>
<units base_units="yes" name="mmHg"/>
<units name="flux">
<unit prefix="milli" units="mole"/>
<unit exponent="-1.0" units="second"/>
<unit exponent="-3.0" prefix="centi" units="metre"/>
</units>
<units name="mmol_per_cm3">
<unit prefix="milli" units="mole"/>
<unit exponent="-3.0" prefix="centi" units="metre"/>
</units>
<units name="cm_per_s_mmHg">
<unit exponent="-1.0" units="second"/>
<unit exponent="-1.0" units="mmHg"/>
<unit prefix="centi" units="metre"/>
</units>
<units name="millivolt">
<unit prefix="milli" units="volt"/>
</units>
<units name="C_per_mmol">
<unit units="coulomb"/>
<unit exponent="-1.0" prefix="milli" units="mole"/>
</units>
<component name="environment">
<variable cmeta:id="environment.time" name="time" public_interface="out" units="second"/>
</component>
<component name="imported_variables">
<variable cmeta:id="imported_variables.C_m_Imp" initial_value="0.1033" name="C_m_Imp" private_interface="out" units="mmol_per_cm3"/>
<variable cmeta:id="imported_variables.C_c_Imp" initial_value="0.1124" name="C_c_Imp" private_interface="out" units="mmol_per_cm3"/>
<variable cmeta:id="imported_variables.psi_m" initial_value="-28.0" name="psi_m" private_interface="out" units="millivolt"/>
<variable cmeta:id="imported_variables.psi_c" initial_value="-86.4" name="psi_c" private_interface="out" units="millivolt"/>
</component>
<component name="solute_concentrations">
<variable cmeta:id="solute_concentrations.C_m_Na" initial_value="0.05" name="C_m_Na" public_interface="out" units="mmol_per_cm3"/>
<variable cmeta:id="solute_concentrations.C_m_K" initial_value="0.002" name="C_m_K" public_interface="out" units="mmol_per_cm3"/>
<variable cmeta:id="solute_concentrations.C_m_Cl" initial_value="0.03" name="C_m_Cl" public_interface="out" units="mmol_per_cm3"/>
<variable cmeta:id="solute_concentrations.C_c_Na" initial_value="0.0164" name="C_c_Na" public_interface="out" units="mmol_per_cm3"/>
<variable cmeta:id="solute_concentrations.C_c_K" initial_value="0.1637" name="C_c_K" public_interface="out" units="mmol_per_cm3"/>
<variable cmeta:id="solute_concentrations.C_c_Cl" initial_value="0.0203" name="C_c_Cl" public_interface="out" units="mmol_per_cm3"/>
<variable cmeta:id="solute_concentrations.C_s_Na" initial_value="1.438E-1" name="C_s_Na" public_interface="out" units="mmol_per_cm3"/>
<variable cmeta:id="solute_concentrations.C_s_K" initial_value="4.25E-3" name="C_s_K" public_interface="out" units="mmol_per_cm3"/>
<variable cmeta:id="solute_concentrations.C_s_Cl" initial_value="1.12E-1" name="C_s_Cl" public_interface="out" units="mmol_per_cm3"/>
<variable cmeta:id="solute_concentrations.J_mc_Na" name="J_mc_Na" public_interface="in" units="flux"/>
<variable cmeta:id="solute_concentrations.J_ms_Na" name="J_ms_Na" public_interface="in" units="flux"/>
<variable cmeta:id="solute_concentrations.J_sc_Na" name="J_sc_Na" public_interface="in" units="flux"/>
<variable cmeta:id="solute_concentrations.J_mc_K" name="J_mc_K" public_interface="in" units="flux"/>
<variable cmeta:id="solute_concentrations.J_ms_K" name="J_ms_K" public_interface="in" units="flux"/>
<variable cmeta:id="solute_concentrations.J_sc_K" name="J_sc_K" public_interface="in" units="flux"/>
<variable cmeta:id="solute_concentrations.J_mc_Cl" name="J_mc_Cl" public_interface="in" units="flux"/>
<variable cmeta:id="solute_concentrations.J_ms_Cl" name="J_ms_Cl" public_interface="in" units="flux"/>
<variable cmeta:id="solute_concentrations.J_sc_Cl" name="J_sc_Cl" public_interface="in" units="flux"/>
<variable cmeta:id="solute_concentrations.time" name="time" public_interface="in" units="second"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply id="C_m_Na_diff_eq">
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>C_m_Na</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>J_mc_Na</ci>
<ci>J_ms_Na</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply id="C_s_Na_diff_eq">
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>C_s_Na</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>J_ms_Na</ci>
<ci>J_sc_Na</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply id="C_c_Na_diff_eq">
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>C_c_Na</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>J_mc_Na</ci>
<ci>J_sc_Na</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply id="C_m_K_diff_eq">
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>C_m_K</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>J_mc_K</ci>
<ci>J_ms_K</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply id="C_s_K_diff_eq">
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>C_s_K</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>J_ms_K</ci>
<ci>J_sc_K</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply id="C_c_K_diff_eq">
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>C_c_K</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>J_mc_K</ci>
<ci>J_sc_K</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply id="C_m_Cl_diff_eq">
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>C_m_Cl</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>J_mc_Cl</ci>
<ci>J_ms_Cl</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply id="C_s_Cl_diff_eq">
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>C_s_Cl</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>J_ms_Cl</ci>
<ci>J_sc_Cl</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply id="C_c_Cl_diff_eq">
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>C_c_Cl</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>J_mc_Cl</ci>
<ci>J_sc_Cl</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="constants">
<variable cmeta:id="constants.RT" initial_value="2.579" name="RT" public_interface="out" units="J_per_mmol"/>
<variable cmeta:id="constants.F" initial_value="96.48" name="F" public_interface="out" units="C_per_mmol"/>
<variable cmeta:id="constants.C_s_Imp" initial_value="4.525E-2" name="C_s_Imp" public_interface="out" units="mmol_per_cm3"/>
<variable cmeta:id="constants.psi_s" initial_value="0.0" name="psi_s" public_interface="out" units="millivolt"/>
</component>
<component name="mc_sodium_flux">
<variable cmeta:id="mc_sodium_flux.J_mc_Na" name="J_mc_Na" public_interface="out" units="flux"/>
<variable cmeta:id="mc_sodium_flux.J_mc_NaCl" name="J_mc_NaCl" public_interface="out" units="flux"/>
<variable cmeta:id="mc_sodium_flux.G_mc_Na" name="G_mc_Na" units="flux"/>
<variable cmeta:id="mc_sodium_flux.P_mc_Na" initial_value="3.27E-6" name="P_mc_Na" units="cm_per_s"/>
<variable cmeta:id="mc_sodium_flux.J_mc_NaCl_max" initial_value="3.21E-5" name="J_mc_NaCl_max" units="flux"/>
<variable cmeta:id="mc_sodium_flux.K_mc_Na_NaCl" initial_value="5.11E-2" name="K_mc_Na_NaCl" units="mmol_per_cm3"/>
<variable cmeta:id="mc_sodium_flux.K_mc_Cl_NaCl" initial_value="1.92E-2" name="K_mc_Cl_NaCl" units="mmol_per_cm3"/>
<variable cmeta:id="mc_sodium_flux.time" name="time" public_interface="in" units="second"/>
<variable cmeta:id="mc_sodium_flux.RT" name="RT" public_interface="in" units="J_per_mmol"/>
<variable cmeta:id="mc_sodium_flux.F" name="F" public_interface="in" units="C_per_mmol"/>
<variable cmeta:id="mc_sodium_flux.C_m_Na" name="C_m_Na" public_interface="in" units="mmol_per_cm3"/>
<variable cmeta:id="mc_sodium_flux.C_c_Na" name="C_c_Na" public_interface="in" units="mmol_per_cm3"/>
<variable cmeta:id="mc_sodium_flux.C_m_Cl" name="C_m_Cl" public_interface="in" units="mmol_per_cm3"/>
<variable cmeta:id="mc_sodium_flux.C_c_Cl" name="C_c_Cl" public_interface="in" units="mmol_per_cm3"/>
<variable cmeta:id="mc_sodium_flux.psi_m" name="psi_m" public_interface="in" units="millivolt"/>
<variable cmeta:id="mc_sodium_flux.psi_c" name="psi_c" public_interface="in" units="millivolt"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply id="J_mc_Na_calculation">
<eq/>
<ci>J_mc_Na</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>J_mc_NaCl</ci>
<ci>G_mc_Na</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<!--G_mc_Na ={G_mc_Na_calculation} P_mc_Na*F*(psi_m-psi_c)/RT*(C_m_Na-C_c_Na*exp(-F/RT*(psi_m-psi_c)))/(1.0{dimensionless}-exp(-F/RT*(psi_m-psi_c)));-->
<apply id="G_mc_Na_calculation">
<eq/>
<ci>G_mc_Na</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>P_mc_Na</ci>
<ci>F</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>psi_m</ci>
<ci>psi_c</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<ci>RT</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>C_m_Na</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>C_c_Na</ci>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>F</ci>
</apply>
<ci>RT</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1.0</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>F</ci>
</apply>
<ci>RT</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply id="J_mc_NaCl_calculation">
<eq/>
<ci>J_mc_NaCl</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>J_mc_NaCl_max</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>C_m_Na</ci>
<ci>K_mc_Na_NaCl</ci>
</apply>
<ci>C_m_Cl</ci>
</apply>
<ci>K_mc_Cl_NaCl</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>C_c_Na</ci>
<ci>K_mc_Na_NaCl</ci>
</apply>
<ci>C_c_Cl</ci>
</apply>
<ci>K_mc_Cl_NaCl</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1.0</cn>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>C_m_Na</ci>
<ci>K_mc_Na_NaCl</ci>
</apply>
<ci>C_m_Cl</ci>
</apply>
<ci>K_mc_Cl_NaCl</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1.0</cn>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>C_c_Na</ci>
<ci>K_mc_Na_NaCl</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1.0</cn>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>C_c_Cl</ci>
<ci>K_mc_Cl_NaCl</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1.0</cn>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>C_c_Na</ci>
<ci>K_mc_Na_NaCl</ci>
</apply>
<ci>C_c_Cl</ci>
</apply>
<ci>K_mc_Cl_NaCl</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1.0</cn>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>C_m_Na</ci>
<ci>K_mc_Na_NaCl</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1.0</cn>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>C_m_Cl</ci>
<ci>K_mc_Cl_NaCl</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="mc_potassium_flux">
<variable cmeta:id="mc_potassium_flux.J_mc_K" name="J_mc_K" public_interface="out" units="flux"/>
<variable cmeta:id="mc_potassium_flux.J_mc_KCl" name="J_mc_KCl" public_interface="out" units="flux"/>
<variable cmeta:id="mc_potassium_flux.G_mc_K" name="G_mc_K" units="flux"/>
<variable cmeta:id="mc_potassium_flux.J_mc_KCl_max" initial_value="6.31E-8" name="J_mc_KCl_max" units="flux"/>
<variable cmeta:id="mc_potassium_flux.K_mc_K_KCl" initial_value="5.30E-2" name="K_mc_K_KCl" units="mmol_per_cm3"/>
<variable cmeta:id="mc_potassium_flux.K_mc_Cl_KCl" initial_value="2.13E-2" name="K_mc_Cl_KCl" units="mmol_per_cm3"/>
<variable cmeta:id="mc_potassium_flux.P_mc_K" initial_value="4.90E-7" name="P_mc_K" units="cm_per_s"/>
<variable cmeta:id="mc_potassium_flux.time" name="time" public_interface="in" units="second"/>
<variable cmeta:id="mc_potassium_flux.RT" name="RT" public_interface="in" units="J_per_mmol"/>
<variable cmeta:id="mc_potassium_flux.F" name="F" public_interface="in" units="C_per_mmol"/>
<variable cmeta:id="mc_potassium_flux.C_m_K" name="C_m_K" public_interface="in" units="mmol_per_cm3"/>
<variable cmeta:id="mc_potassium_flux.C_c_K" name="C_c_K" public_interface="in" units="mmol_per_cm3"/>
<variable cmeta:id="mc_potassium_flux.C_m_Cl" name="C_m_Cl" public_interface="in" units="mmol_per_cm3"/>
<variable cmeta:id="mc_potassium_flux.C_c_Cl" name="C_c_Cl" public_interface="in" units="mmol_per_cm3"/>
<variable cmeta:id="mc_potassium_flux.psi_m" name="psi_m" public_interface="in" units="millivolt"/>
<variable cmeta:id="mc_potassium_flux.psi_c" name="psi_c" public_interface="in" units="millivolt"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply id="J_mc_K_calculation">
<eq/>
<ci>J_mc_K</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>J_mc_KCl</ci>
<ci>G_mc_K</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply id="G_mc_K_calculation">
<eq/>
<ci>G_mc_K</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>P_mc_K</ci>
<ci>F</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>psi_m</ci>
<ci>psi_c</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<ci>RT</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>C_m_K</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>C_c_K</ci>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>F</ci>
</apply>
<ci>RT</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1.0</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>F</ci>
</apply>
<ci>RT</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply id="J_mc_KCl_calculation">
<eq/>
<ci>J_mc_KCl</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>J_mc_KCl_max</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>C_m_K</ci>
<ci>K_mc_K_KCl</ci>
</apply>
<ci>C_m_Cl</ci>
</apply>
<ci>K_mc_Cl_KCl</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>C_c_K</ci>
<ci>K_mc_K_KCl</ci>
</apply>
<ci>C_c_Cl</ci>
</apply>
<ci>K_mc_Cl_KCl</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1.0</cn>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>C_m_K</ci>
<ci>K_mc_K_KCl</ci>
</apply>
<ci>C_m_Cl</ci>
</apply>
<ci>K_mc_Cl_KCl</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1.0</cn>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>C_c_K</ci>
<ci>K_mc_K_KCl</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1.0</cn>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>C_c_Cl</ci>
<ci>K_mc_Cl_KCl</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1.0</cn>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>C_c_K</ci>
<ci>K_mc_K_KCl</ci>
</apply>
<ci>C_c_Cl</ci>
</apply>
<ci>K_mc_Cl_KCl</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1.0</cn>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>C_m_K</ci>
<ci>K_mc_K_KCl</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1.0</cn>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>C_m_Cl</ci>
<ci>K_mc_Cl_KCl</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="mc_chloride_flux">
<variable cmeta:id="mc_chloride_flux.J_mc_Cl" name="J_mc_Cl" public_interface="out" units="flux"/>
<variable cmeta:id="mc_chloride_flux.G_mc_Cl" name="G_mc_Cl" units="flux"/>
<variable cmeta:id="mc_chloride_flux.P_mc_Cl" initial_value="1.43E-6" name="P_mc_Cl" units="cm_per_s"/>
<variable cmeta:id="mc_chloride_flux.time" name="time" public_interface="in" units="second"/>
<variable cmeta:id="mc_chloride_flux.J_mc_NaCl" name="J_mc_NaCl" public_interface="in" units="flux"/>
<variable cmeta:id="mc_chloride_flux.J_mc_KCl" name="J_mc_KCl" public_interface="in" units="flux"/>
<variable cmeta:id="mc_chloride_flux.RT" name="RT" public_interface="in" units="J_per_mmol"/>
<variable cmeta:id="mc_chloride_flux.F" name="F" public_interface="in" units="C_per_mmol"/>
<variable cmeta:id="mc_chloride_flux.C_m_Cl" name="C_m_Cl" public_interface="in" units="mmol_per_cm3"/>
<variable cmeta:id="mc_chloride_flux.C_c_Cl" name="C_c_Cl" public_interface="in" units="mmol_per_cm3"/>
<variable cmeta:id="mc_chloride_flux.psi_m" name="psi_m" public_interface="in" units="millivolt"/>
<variable cmeta:id="mc_chloride_flux.psi_c" name="psi_c" public_interface="in" units="millivolt"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply id="J_mc_Cl_calculation">
<eq/>
<ci>J_mc_Cl</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>J_mc_NaCl</ci>
<ci>J_mc_KCl</ci>
<ci>G_mc_Cl</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<!--G_mc_Cl ={G_mc_Cl_calculation} P_mc_Cl*-1.0{dimensionless}*F*(psi_m-psi_c)/RT*(C_m_Cl-C_c_Cl*exp(--1.0{dimensionless}*F/RT*(psi_m-psi_c)))/(1.0{dimensionless}-exp(--1.0{dimensionless}*F/RT*(psi_m-psi_c)));-->
<apply id="G_mc_Cl_calculation">
<eq/>
<ci>G_mc_Cl</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>P_mc_Cl</ci>
<ci>F</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>psi_m</ci>
<ci>psi_c</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<ci>RT</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>C_m_Cl</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>C_c_Cl</ci>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>F</ci>
</apply>
<ci>RT</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1.0</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>F</ci>
</apply>
<ci>RT</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="sc_sodium_flux">
<variable cmeta:id="sc_sodium_flux.J_a" name="J_a" public_interface="out" units="flux"/>
<variable cmeta:id="sc_sodium_flux.J_sc_Na" name="J_sc_Na" public_interface="out" units="flux"/>
<variable cmeta:id="sc_sodium_flux.J_a_max" initial_value="2.69E-6" name="J_a_max" units="flux"/>
<variable cmeta:id="sc_sodium_flux.K_Na_ATPase" initial_value="1.20E-2" name="K_Na_ATPase" units="mmol_per_cm3"/>
<variable cmeta:id="sc_sodium_flux.time" name="time" public_interface="in" units="second"/>
<variable cmeta:id="sc_sodium_flux.C_c_Na" name="C_c_Na" public_interface="in" units="mmol_per_cm3"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply id="J_sc_Na_calculation">
<eq/>
<ci>J_sc_Na</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">3.0</cn>
</apply>
<ci>J_a</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply id="J_a_calculation">
<eq/>
<ci>J_a</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>J_a_max</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1.0</cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1.0</cn>
<apply>
<power/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>K_Na_ATPase</ci>
<ci>C_c_Na</ci>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">3.0</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="sc_potassium_flux">
<variable cmeta:id="sc_potassium_flux.J_sc_K" name="J_sc_K" public_interface="out" units="flux"/>
<variable cmeta:id="sc_potassium_flux.G_sc_K" name="G_sc_K" units="flux"/>
<variable cmeta:id="sc_potassium_flux.P_sc_K" initial_value="4.74E-4" name="P_sc_K" units="cm_per_s"/>
<variable cmeta:id="sc_potassium_flux.J_a" name="J_a" public_interface="in" units="flux"/>
<variable cmeta:id="sc_potassium_flux.time" name="time" public_interface="in" units="second"/>
<variable cmeta:id="sc_potassium_flux.RT" name="RT" public_interface="in" units="J_per_mmol"/>
<variable cmeta:id="sc_potassium_flux.F" name="F" public_interface="in" units="C_per_mmol"/>
<variable cmeta:id="sc_potassium_flux.C_s_K" name="C_s_K" public_interface="in" units="mmol_per_cm3"/>
<variable cmeta:id="sc_potassium_flux.C_c_K" name="C_c_K" public_interface="in" units="mmol_per_cm3"/>
<variable cmeta:id="sc_potassium_flux.psi_s" name="psi_s" public_interface="in" units="millivolt"/>
<variable cmeta:id="sc_potassium_flux.psi_c" name="psi_c" public_interface="in" units="millivolt"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply id="J_sc_K_calculation">
<eq/>
<ci>J_sc_K</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2.0</cn>
<ci>J_a</ci>
</apply>
<ci>G_sc_K</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply id="G_sc_K_calculation">
<eq/>
<ci>G_sc_K</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>P_sc_K</ci>
<ci>F</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>psi_s</ci>
<ci>psi_c</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<ci>RT</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>C_s_K</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>C_c_K</ci>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>F</ci>
</apply>
<ci>RT</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1.0</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>F</ci>
</apply>
<ci>RT</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="sc_chloride_flux">
<variable cmeta:id="sc_chloride_flux.J_sc_Cl" name="J_sc_Cl" public_interface="out" units="flux"/>
<variable cmeta:id="sc_chloride_flux.G_sc_Cl" name="G_sc_Cl" units="flux"/>
<variable cmeta:id="sc_chloride_flux.P_sc_Cl" initial_value="9.16E-5" name="P_sc_Cl" units="cm_per_s"/>
<variable cmeta:id="sc_chloride_flux.time" name="time" public_interface="in" units="second"/>
<variable cmeta:id="sc_chloride_flux.RT" name="RT" public_interface="in" units="J_per_mmol"/>
<variable cmeta:id="sc_chloride_flux.F" name="F" public_interface="in" units="C_per_mmol"/>
<variable cmeta:id="sc_chloride_flux.C_s_Cl" name="C_s_Cl" public_interface="in" units="mmol_per_cm3"/>
<variable cmeta:id="sc_chloride_flux.C_c_Cl" name="C_c_Cl" public_interface="in" units="mmol_per_cm3"/>
<variable cmeta:id="sc_chloride_flux.psi_s" name="psi_s" public_interface="in" units="millivolt"/>
<variable cmeta:id="sc_chloride_flux.psi_c" name="psi_c" public_interface="in" units="millivolt"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply id="J_sc_Cl_calculation">
<eq/>
<ci>J_sc_Cl</ci>
<ci>G_sc_Cl</ci>
</apply>
<apply id="G_sc_Cl_calculation">
<eq/>
<ci>G_sc_Cl</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>P_sc_Cl</ci>
<ci>F</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>psi_s</ci>
<ci>psi_c</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<ci>RT</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>C_s_Cl</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>C_c_Cl</ci>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>F</ci>
</apply>
<ci>RT</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1.0</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>F</ci>
</apply>
<ci>RT</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="ms_sodium_flux">
<variable cmeta:id="ms_sodium_flux.J_ms_Na" name="J_ms_Na" public_interface="out" units="flux"/>
<variable cmeta:id="ms_sodium_flux.G_ms_Na" name="G_ms_Na" units="flux"/>
<variable cmeta:id="ms_sodium_flux.P_ms_Na" initial_value="4.80E-6" name="P_ms_Na" units="cm_per_s"/>
<variable cmeta:id="ms_sodium_flux.time" name="time" public_interface="in" units="second"/>
<variable cmeta:id="ms_sodium_flux.RT" name="RT" public_interface="in" units="J_per_mmol"/>
<variable cmeta:id="ms_sodium_flux.F" name="F" public_interface="in" units="C_per_mmol"/>
<variable cmeta:id="ms_sodium_flux.C_m_Na" name="C_m_Na" public_interface="in" units="mmol_per_cm3"/>
<variable cmeta:id="ms_sodium_flux.C_s_Na" name="C_s_Na" public_interface="in" units="mmol_per_cm3"/>
<variable cmeta:id="ms_sodium_flux.psi_m" name="psi_m" public_interface="in" units="millivolt"/>
<variable cmeta:id="ms_sodium_flux.psi_s" name="psi_s" public_interface="in" units="millivolt"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply id="J_ms_Na_calculation">
<eq/>
<ci>J_ms_Na</ci>
<ci>G_ms_Na</ci>
</apply>
<apply id="G_ms_Na_calculation">
<eq/>
<ci>G_ms_Na</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>P_ms_Na</ci>
<ci>F</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>psi_m</ci>
<ci>psi_s</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<ci>RT</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>C_m_Na</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>C_s_Na</ci>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>F</ci>
</apply>
<ci>RT</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1.0</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>F</ci>
</apply>
<ci>RT</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="ms_potassium_flux">
<variable cmeta:id="ms_potassium_flux.J_ms_K" name="J_ms_K" public_interface="out" units="flux"/>
<variable cmeta:id="ms_potassium_flux.G_ms_K" name="G_ms_K" units="flux"/>
<variable cmeta:id="ms_potassium_flux.P_ms_K" initial_value="4.80E-6" name="P_ms_K" units="cm_per_s"/>
<variable cmeta:id="ms_potassium_flux.time" name="time" public_interface="in" units="second"/>
<variable cmeta:id="ms_potassium_flux.RT" name="RT" public_interface="in" units="J_per_mmol"/>
<variable cmeta:id="ms_potassium_flux.F" name="F" public_interface="in" units="C_per_mmol"/>
<variable cmeta:id="ms_potassium_flux.C_m_K" name="C_m_K" public_interface="in" units="mmol_per_cm3"/>
<variable cmeta:id="ms_potassium_flux.C_s_K" name="C_s_K" public_interface="in" units="mmol_per_cm3"/>
<variable cmeta:id="ms_potassium_flux.psi_m" name="psi_m" public_interface="in" units="millivolt"/>
<variable cmeta:id="ms_potassium_flux.psi_s" name="psi_s" public_interface="in" units="millivolt"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply id="J_ms_K_calculation">
<eq/>
<ci>J_ms_K</ci>
<ci>G_ms_K</ci>
</apply>
<apply id="G_ms_K_calculation">
<eq/>
<ci>G_ms_K</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>P_ms_K</ci>
<ci>F</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>psi_m</ci>
<ci>psi_s</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<ci>RT</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>C_m_K</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>C_s_K</ci>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>F</ci>
</apply>
<ci>RT</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1.0</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>F</ci>
</apply>
<ci>RT</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="ms_chloride_flux">
<variable cmeta:id="ms_chloride_flux.J_ms_Cl" name="J_ms_Cl" public_interface="out" units="flux"/>
<variable cmeta:id="ms_chloride_flux.G_ms_Cl" name="G_ms_Cl" units="flux"/>
<variable cmeta:id="ms_chloride_flux.P_ms_Cl" initial_value="2.40E-6" name="P_ms_Cl" units="cm_per_s"/>
<variable cmeta:id="ms_chloride_flux.time" name="time" public_interface="in" units="second"/>
<variable cmeta:id="ms_chloride_flux.RT" name="RT" public_interface="in" units="J_per_mmol"/>
<variable cmeta:id="ms_chloride_flux.F" name="F" public_interface="in" units="C_per_mmol"/>
<variable cmeta:id="ms_chloride_flux.C_m_Cl" name="C_m_Cl" public_interface="in" units="mmol_per_cm3"/>
<variable cmeta:id="ms_chloride_flux.C_s_Cl" name="C_s_Cl" public_interface="in" units="mmol_per_cm3"/>
<variable cmeta:id="ms_chloride_flux.psi_m" name="psi_m" public_interface="in" units="millivolt"/>
<variable cmeta:id="ms_chloride_flux.psi_s" name="psi_s" public_interface="in" units="millivolt"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply id="J_ms_Cl_calculation">
<eq/>
<ci>J_ms_Cl</ci>
<ci>G_ms_Cl</ci>
</apply>
<apply id="G_ms_Cl_calculation">
<eq/>
<ci>G_ms_Cl</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>P_ms_Cl</ci>
<ci>F</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>psi_m</ci>
<ci>psi_s</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<ci>RT</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>C_m_Cl</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>C_s_Cl</ci>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>F</ci>
</apply>
<ci>RT</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1.0</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>F</ci>
</apply>
<ci>RT</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="total_transepithelial_sodium_flux">
<variable cmeta:id="total_transepithelial_sodium_flux.J_Na" name="J_Na" units="flux"/>
<variable cmeta:id="total_transepithelial_sodium_flux.J_mc_Na" name="J_mc_Na" public_interface="in" units="flux"/>
<variable cmeta:id="total_transepithelial_sodium_flux.J_ms_Na" name="J_ms_Na" public_interface="in" units="flux"/>
<variable cmeta:id="total_transepithelial_sodium_flux.time" name="time" public_interface="in" units="second"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply id="J_Na_calculation">
<eq/>
<ci>J_Na</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>J_mc_Na</ci>
<ci>J_ms_Na</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="total_transepithelial_potassium_flux">
<variable cmeta:id="total_transepithelial_potassium_flux.J_K" name="J_K" units="flux"/>
<variable cmeta:id="total_transepithelial_potassium_flux.J_mc_K" name="J_mc_K" public_interface="in" units="flux"/>
<variable cmeta:id="total_transepithelial_potassium_flux.J_ms_K" name="J_ms_K" public_interface="in" units="flux"/>
<variable cmeta:id="total_transepithelial_potassium_flux.time" name="time" public_interface="in" units="second"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply id="J_K_calculation">
<eq/>
<ci>J_K</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>J_mc_K</ci>
<ci>J_ms_K</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="total_transepithelial_chloride_flux">
<variable cmeta:id="total_transepithelial_chloride_flux.J_Cl" name="J_Cl" units="flux"/>
<variable cmeta:id="total_transepithelial_chloride_flux.J_mc_Cl" name="J_mc_Cl" public_interface="in" units="flux"/>
<variable cmeta:id="total_transepithelial_chloride_flux.J_ms_Cl" name="J_ms_Cl" public_interface="in" units="flux"/>
<variable cmeta:id="total_transepithelial_chloride_flux.time" name="time" public_interface="in" units="second"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply id="J_Cl_calculation">
<eq/>
<ci>J_Cl</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>J_mc_Cl</ci>
<ci>J_ms_Cl</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="osmolarities">
<variable cmeta:id="osmolarities.Osm_m" name="Osm_m" public_interface="out" units="mmol_per_cm3"/>
<variable cmeta:id="osmolarities.Osm_c" name="Osm_c" public_interface="out" units="mmol_per_cm3"/>
<variable cmeta:id="osmolarities.Osm_s" name="Osm_s" public_interface="out" units="mmol_per_cm3"/>
<variable cmeta:id="osmolarities.C_m_Na" name="C_m_Na" public_interface="in" units="mmol_per_cm3"/>
<variable cmeta:id="osmolarities.C_m_Cl" name="C_m_Cl" public_interface="in" units="mmol_per_cm3"/>
<variable cmeta:id="osmolarities.C_m_K" name="C_m_K" public_interface="in" units="mmol_per_cm3"/>
<variable cmeta:id="osmolarities.C_m_Imp" name="C_m_Imp" public_interface="in" units="mmol_per_cm3"/>
<variable cmeta:id="osmolarities.C_c_Na" name="C_c_Na" public_interface="in" units="mmol_per_cm3"/>
<variable cmeta:id="osmolarities.C_c_Cl" name="C_c_Cl" public_interface="in" units="mmol_per_cm3"/>
<variable cmeta:id="osmolarities.C_c_K" name="C_c_K" public_interface="in" units="mmol_per_cm3"/>
<variable cmeta:id="osmolarities.C_c_Imp" name="C_c_Imp" public_interface="in" units="mmol_per_cm3"/>
<variable cmeta:id="osmolarities.C_s_Na" name="C_s_Na" public_interface="in" units="mmol_per_cm3"/>
<variable cmeta:id="osmolarities.C_s_Cl" name="C_s_Cl" public_interface="in" units="mmol_per_cm3"/>
<variable cmeta:id="osmolarities.C_s_K" name="C_s_K" public_interface="in" units="mmol_per_cm3"/>
<variable cmeta:id="osmolarities.C_s_Imp" name="C_s_Imp" public_interface="in" units="mmol_per_cm3"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply id="Osm_m_calculation">
<eq/>
<ci>Osm_m</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>C_m_Na</ci>
<ci>C_m_K</ci>
<ci>C_m_Cl</ci>
<ci>C_m_Imp</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply id="Osm_c_calculation">
<eq/>
<ci>Osm_c</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>C_c_Na</ci>
<ci>C_c_K</ci>
<ci>C_c_Cl</ci>
<ci>C_c_Imp</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply id="Osm_s_calculation">
<eq/>
<ci>Osm_s</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>C_s_Na</ci>
<ci>C_s_K</ci>
<ci>C_s_Cl</ci>
<ci>C_s_Imp</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="mc_transepithelial_volume_flux">
<variable cmeta:id="mc_transepithelial_volume_flux.J_mc_v" name="J_mc_v" public_interface="out" units="cm_per_s"/>
<variable cmeta:id="mc_transepithelial_volume_flux.L_mc_v" initial_value="5.22E-9" name="L_mc_v" units="cm_per_s_mmHg"/>
<variable cmeta:id="mc_transepithelial_volume_flux.Osm_m" name="Osm_m" public_interface="in" units="mmol_per_cm3"/>
<variable cmeta:id="mc_transepithelial_volume_flux.Osm_c" name="Osm_c" public_interface="in" units="mmol_per_cm3"/>
<variable cmeta:id="mc_transepithelial_volume_flux.time" name="time" public_interface="in" units="second"/>
<variable cmeta:id="mc_transepithelial_volume_flux.RT" name="RT" public_interface="in" units="J_per_mmol"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply id="J_mc_v_calculation">
<eq/>
<ci>J_mc_v</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>L_mc_v</ci>
<ci>RT</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>Osm_m</ci>
<ci>Osm_c</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="ms_transepithelial_volume_flux">
<variable cmeta:id="ms_transepithelial_volume_flux.J_ms_v" name="J_ms_v" public_interface="out" units="cm_per_s"/>
<variable cmeta:id="ms_transepithelial_volume_flux.L_ms_v" initial_value="0.0" name="L_ms_v" units="cm_per_s_mmHg"/>
<variable cmeta:id="ms_transepithelial_volume_flux.Osm_m" name="Osm_m" public_interface="in" units="mmol_per_cm3"/>
<variable cmeta:id="ms_transepithelial_volume_flux.Osm_s" name="Osm_s" public_interface="in" units="mmol_per_cm3"/>
<variable cmeta:id="ms_transepithelial_volume_flux.time" name="time" public_interface="in" units="second"/>
<variable cmeta:id="ms_transepithelial_volume_flux.RT" name="RT" public_interface="in" units="J_per_mmol"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply id="J_ms_v_calculation">
<eq/>
<ci>J_ms_v</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>L_ms_v</ci>
<ci>RT</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>Osm_m</ci>
<ci>Osm_s</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="sc_transepithelial_volume_flux">
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<title xmlns="http://cellml.org/tmp-documentation">A numerical model of the renal distal tubule</title>
<author xmlns="http://cellml.org/tmp-documentation">
<firstname xmlns="http://cellml.org/tmp-documentation">Catherine</firstname>
<surname xmlns="http://cellml.org/tmp-documentation">Lloyd</surname>
<affiliation xmlns="http://cellml.org/tmp-documentation">
<shortaffil xmlns="http://cellml.org/tmp-documentation">Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland</shortaffil>
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<title xmlns="http://cellml.org/tmp-documentation">Model Status</title>
<para xmlns="http://cellml.org/tmp-documentation">This is the CellML description of Chang and Fujita's 1999 numerical model of the renal distal tubule. It should be noted that the initial conditions used in this description represent those in the early distal tubule. For model representations of the late distal tublule, these initial values should be replaced with those listed in the orginal paper for the late distal tubule. The model from the original paper has been modified slightly to include differential equations defining the change in solute concentrations over time. These equations were added to facilitate the use of the CellML code in CMISS. Note that the model is not running correctly in COR or OpenCell and there are unit inconsistencies.</para>
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<title xmlns="http://cellml.org/tmp-documentation">Model Structure</title>
<para xmlns="http://cellml.org/tmp-documentation">ABSTRACT: A numerical model of the rat distal tubule was developed to simulate water and solute transport in this nephron segment. This model incorporates the following: 1) Na-Cl cotransporter, K-Cl cotransporter, Na channel, K channel, and Cl channel in the luminal membrane; 2) Na-K-ATPase, K channel, and Cl channel in the basolateral membrane; and 3) conductances for Na, K, and Cl in the paracellular pathway. Transport rates were calculated using kinetic equations. Axial heterogeneity was represented by partitioning the model into two subsegments with different sets of model parameters. Model equations derived from the principles of mass conservation and electrical neutrality were solved numerically. Values of the model parameters were adjusted to minimize a penalty function that was devised to quantify the difference between model predictions and experimental results. The developed model could simulate the water and solute transport of the distal tubule in the normal state, as well as in conditions including thiazide or amiloride application and various levels of sodium load and tubular flow rate.</para>
<para xmlns="http://cellml.org/tmp-documentation">The original paper reference is cited below:</para>
<para xmlns="http://cellml.org/tmp-documentation">
A numerical model of the renal distal tubule, Hangil Chang and Toshiro Fujita, 1999,
<emphasis xmlns="http://cellml.org/tmp-documentation">American Journal of Physiology</emphasis>
, 276, F952-F959.
<ulink xmlns="http://cellml.org/tmp-documentation" url="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10362782">PubMed ID: 10362782</ulink>
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<title xmlns="http://cellml.org/tmp-documentation">diagram of the model</title>
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<caption xmlns="http://cellml.org/tmp-documentation">Transport mechanisms of model tubule. In the luminal cell membrane, there are Na-Cl cotransporter, K-Cl cotransporter, Na channel, K channel, and Cl channel. In the basolateral cell membrane, there are Na-K-ATPase, K channel, and Cl channel. In the paracellular pathway, which faces luminal and basolateral compartments, there are conductances for sodium, potassium, and chloride. Axial heterogeneity of the distal tubule was represented by changing the model parameters in the early and the late parts of the model tubule.</caption>
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