- Author:
- pmr2.import <nobody@models.cellml.org>
- Date:
- 2007-12-05 02:41:57+13:00
- Desc:
- committing version07 of bondarenko_szigeti_bett_kim_rasmusson_2004
- Permanent Source URI:
- https://models.cellml.org/workspace/bondarenko_szigeti_bett_kim_rasmusson_2004/rawfile/df1484d580271fa4c617392c56221e0f64cb2881/bondarenko_szigeti_bett_kim_rasmusson_2004_a.cellml
<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
<!--
This CellML file was generated on 04/12/2007 at 15:20:38 using:
COR (0.9.31.821)
Copyright 2002-2007 Dr Alan Garny
http://COR.physiol.ox.ac.uk/ - COR@physiol.ox.ac.uk
CellML 1.0 was used to generate this cellular model
http://www.CellML.org/
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<documentation xmlns="http://cellml.org/tmp-documentation">
<article>
<articleinfo>
<title>Modelling the Action Potential of Mouse Ventricular Myocytes</title>
<author>
<firstname>Noble</firstname>
<surname>Penny</surname>
<affiliation>
<shortaffil>Oxford University</shortaffil>
</affiliation>
</author>
</articleinfo>
<section id="sec_status">
<title>Model Status</title>
<para>
This version has been curated by Penny Noble from Oxford University and is known to run in COR and PCEnv. This model represents the APICAL CELL variant as described in Bondarenko et al.'s 2004 paper and all units are consistent. The model is able to reproduce the action potential traces from Figure 16 of the publication. This model has a PCEnv session file associated with it.
</para>
</section>
<sect1 id="sec_structure">
<title>Model Structure</title>
<para>
Mathematical models, which describe cardiac action potentials, have been a valuable tool in enhancing our understanding of the molecular mechanisms which underlie the physiological processes. The earliest cardiac models were based on the pioneering work of Hodgkin and Huxley, who in 1952 published a mathematical model which described the Na<superscript>+</superscript> and K<superscript>+</superscript> currents in the giant squid axon (for more details, please see <ulink url="${HTML_EXMPL_HHSA_INTRO}">The Hodgkin-Huxley Squid Axon Model, 1952</ulink>). Over time, advances in experimental techniques have allowed more detailed physiological data to be produced. In turn this has been used to build more biologically realistic, detailed mathematical models which include more complex ionic currents and fluxes.
</para>
<para>
A diverse array of models have been developed in order to address the wide range of action potential behaviours observed in different species and regions of the heart. These include:
</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Ventricular Myocytes</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Atrial Myocytes</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Purkinje Fibres</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Pacemaker Cells</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Rabbit</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Guinea-pig</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Bullfrog</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Human</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>
Variation in the shape and duration of the action potential is often due to differences in species and the region of the heart - as opposed to the size of the heart per se. There is a great diversity in the anatomical and electrophysiological features of myocytes from different species, such as the transverse tubules, Ca<superscript>2+</superscript> handling systems, and the specific properties of the ionic currents.
</para>
<para>
In the Bondarenko <emphasis>et al.</emphasis> 2004 publication described here, the authors develop a computer model of the mouse ventricular action potential (see <xref linkend="fig_cell_diagram"/> below). The model includes parameters for both the apex and the septum regions of the heart (the apex parameters have been substituted into the CellML version of the model described in <xref linkend="sec_download_this_model"/>), and this helps to illustrate how there are regional differences in myocyte repolarisation in the mouse heart. The model is based on recent experimental data from adult mice experiments. The model contains transmembrane pumps, currents and exchangers, as well as a detailed description of the Ca<superscript>2+</superscript> handling system. Where possible, Markov models (see <xref linkend="fig_reaction_diagram"/> below) have been used to represent the molecular function and structure of ion channels.
</para>
<para>
The complete original paper reference is cited below:
</para>
<para>
<!-- <ulink url="http://www."> -->A Computer Model of the Action Potential of the Mouse Ventricular Myocytes <!--</ulink> -->, Vladimir E. Bondarenko, Gyula P. Szigeti, Glenna C. L. Bett, Song-Jung Kim, and Randall L. Rasmusson, 2004, <ulink url="http://ajpheart.physiology.org/">
<emphasis>American Journal of Physiology</emphasis>
</ulink>
<!--, 11, 369-391. (<ulink url="http://www.molbiolcell.org/cgi/content/full/11/1/369">Full text (HTML)</ulink> and <ulink url="http://www.molbiolcell.org/cgi/reprint/11/1/369.pdf">PDF</ulink> versions of the article are available on the <emphasis>Molecular Biology of the Cell</emphasis> website.) --> A <ulink url="http://ajpheart.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/00185.2003v1.pdf">PDF</ulink> version of the article is available to subscribers ahead of print on the <emphasis>American Journal of Physiology</emphasis> website.) <ulink url="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=15142845&dopt=Abstract">PubMed ID: 15142845</ulink>
</para>
<informalfigure float="0" id="fig_cell_diagram">
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<objectinfo>
<title>cell diagram</title>
</objectinfo>
<imagedata fileref="bondarenko_2004.png"/>
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<caption>Schematic diagram of the mouse model ionic currents and calcium fluxes.</caption>
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<title>reaction diagram</title>
</objectinfo>
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<caption>State diagram of the Markov model for the sodium channel. <emphasis>C<subscript>Na</subscript>
</emphasis> denotes a closed channel state, <emphasis>O<subscript>Na</subscript>
</emphasis> is the open state, <emphasis>IF<subscript>Na</subscript>
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<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>J_rel</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>v1</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>P_O1</ci>
<ci>P_O2</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>CaJSR</ci>
<ci>Cass</ci>
</apply>
<ci>P_RyR</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>J_tr</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>CaNSR</ci>
<ci>CaJSR</ci>
</apply>
<ci>tau_tr</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>J_xfer</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>Cass</ci>
<ci>Cai</ci>
</apply>
<ci>tau_xfer</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>J_leak</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>v2</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>CaNSR</ci>
<ci>Cai</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>J_up</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>v3</ci>
<apply>
<power/>
<ci>Cai</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<power/>
<ci>Km_up</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<power/>
<ci>Cai</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>J_trpn</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>k_plus_htrpn</ci>
<ci>Cai</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>HTRPN_tot</ci>
<ci>HTRPN_Ca</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>k_plus_ltrpn</ci>
<ci>Cai</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>LTRPN_tot</ci>
<ci>LTRPN_Ca</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>k_minus_htrpn</ci>
<ci>HTRPN_Ca</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>k_minus_ltrpn</ci>
<ci>LTRPN_Ca</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>P_RyR</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millisecond">0.04</cn>
</apply>
<ci>P_RyR</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millisecond">0.1</cn>
<ci>i_CaL</ci>
</apply>
<ci>i_CaL_max</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<power/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">5</cn>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt2">648</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="calcium_buffering">
<variable units="micromolar" public_interface="out" name="LTRPN_tot" initial_value="70"/>
<variable units="micromolar" public_interface="out" name="HTRPN_tot" initial_value="140"/>
<variable units="micromolar" public_interface="out" name="LTRPN_Ca" initial_value="11.2684"/>
<variable units="micromolar" public_interface="out" name="HTRPN_Ca" initial_value="125.29"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<variable units="micromolar" public_interface="in" name="Cai"/>
<variable units="per_micromolar_millisecond" public_interface="in" name="k_plus_htrpn"/>
<variable units="per_millisecond" public_interface="in" name="k_minus_htrpn"/>
<variable units="per_micromolar_millisecond" public_interface="in" name="k_plus_ltrpn"/>
<variable units="per_millisecond" public_interface="in" name="k_minus_ltrpn"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>LTRPN_Ca</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>k_plus_ltrpn</ci>
<ci>Cai</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>LTRPN_tot</ci>
<ci>LTRPN_Ca</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>k_minus_ltrpn</ci>
<ci>LTRPN_Ca</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>HTRPN_Ca</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>k_plus_htrpn</ci>
<ci>Cai</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>HTRPN_tot</ci>
<ci>HTRPN_Ca</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>k_minus_htrpn</ci>
<ci>HTRPN_Ca</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="ryanodine_receptors">
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="P_O1" initial_value="0.149102e-4"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="P_O2" initial_value="0.951726e-10"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="P_C1"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="P_C2" initial_value="0.16774e-3"/>
<variable units="micromolar4_per_millisecond" name="k_plus_a" initial_value="0.006075"/>
<variable units="per_millisecond" name="k_minus_a" initial_value="0.07125"/>
<variable units="micromolar3_per_millisecond" name="k_plus_b" initial_value="0.00405"/>
<variable units="per_millisecond" name="k_minus_b" initial_value="0.965"/>
<variable units="per_millisecond" name="k_plus_c" initial_value="0.009"/>
<variable units="per_millisecond" name="k_minus_c" initial_value="0.0008"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="m" initial_value="3"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="n" initial_value="4"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<variable units="micromolar" public_interface="in" name="Cass"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>P_O1</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>k_plus_a</ci>
<apply>
<power/>
<ci>Cass</ci>
<ci>n</ci>
</apply>
<ci>P_C1</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>k_minus_b</ci>
<ci>P_O2</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>k_minus_c</ci>
<ci>P_C2</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>k_minus_a</ci>
<ci>P_O1</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>k_plus_b</ci>
<apply>
<power/>
<ci>Cass</ci>
<ci>m</ci>
</apply>
<ci>P_O1</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>k_plus_c</ci>
<ci>P_O1</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>P_C1</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>P_C2</ci>
<ci>P_O1</ci>
<ci>P_O2</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>P_O2</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>k_plus_b</ci>
<apply>
<power/>
<ci>Cass</ci>
<ci>m</ci>
</apply>
<ci>P_O1</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>k_minus_b</ci>
<ci>P_O2</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>P_C2</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>k_plus_c</ci>
<ci>P_O1</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>k_minus_c</ci>
<ci>P_C2</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="L_type_calcium_current">
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" public_interface="out" name="i_CaL" cmeta:id="L_type_calcium_current_i_CaL"/>
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" public_interface="out" name="i_CaL_max" initial_value="7"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="out" name="E_CaL" initial_value="63"/>
<variable units="milliS_per_microF" name="g_CaL" initial_value="0.1729"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="O" initial_value="0.930308e-18"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="C1"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="C2" initial_value="0.124216e-3"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="C3" initial_value="0.578679e-8"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="C4" initial_value="0.119816e-12"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="I1" initial_value="0.497923e-18"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="I2" initial_value="0.345847e-13"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="I3" initial_value="0.185106e-13"/>
<variable units="per_millisecond" name="alpha"/>
<variable units="per_millisecond" name="beta"/>
<variable units="per_millisecond" name="gamma"/>
<variable units="per_millisecond" name="Kpcf"/>
<variable units="per_millisecond" name="Kpcb" initial_value="0.0005"/>
<variable units="per_millisecond" name="Kpc_max" initial_value="0.23324"/>
<variable units="micromolar" name="Kpc_half" initial_value="20"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<variable units="micromolar" public_interface="in" name="Cass"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_CaL</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>g_CaL</ci>
<ci>O</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<ci>E_CaL</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>O</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>alpha</ci>
<ci>C4</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>Kpcb</ci>
<ci>I1</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.001</cn>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>alpha</ci>
<ci>I2</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>Kpcf</ci>
<ci>O</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">4</cn>
<ci>beta</ci>
<ci>O</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>gamma</ci>
<ci>O</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>C1</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>O</ci>
<ci>C2</ci>
<ci>C2</ci>
<ci>C3</ci>
<ci>C4</ci>
<ci>I1</ci>
<ci>I2</ci>
<ci>I3</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>C2</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">4</cn>
<ci>alpha</ci>
<ci>C1</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
<ci>beta</ci>
<ci>C3</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>beta</ci>
<ci>C2</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">3</cn>
<ci>alpha</ci>
<ci>C2</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>C3</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">3</cn>
<ci>alpha</ci>
<ci>C2</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">3</cn>
<ci>beta</ci>
<ci>C4</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
<ci>beta</ci>
<ci>C3</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
<ci>alpha</ci>
<ci>C3</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>C4</ci>
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<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
<ci>alpha</ci>
<ci>C3</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">4</cn>
<ci>beta</ci>
<ci>O</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="millisecond">0.01</cn>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">4</cn>
<ci>Kpcb</ci>
<ci>beta</ci>
<ci>I1</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>alpha</ci>
<ci>gamma</ci>
<ci>C4</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.002</cn>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">4</cn>
<ci>beta</ci>
<ci>I2</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>Kpcf</ci>
<ci>C4</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="millisecond">4</cn>
<ci>beta</ci>
<ci>Kpcb</ci>
<ci>I3</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">3</cn>
<ci>beta</ci>
<ci>C4</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>alpha</ci>
<ci>C4</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="millisecond">1</cn>
<ci>gamma</ci>
<ci>Kpcf</ci>
<ci>C4</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>I1</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>gamma</ci>
<ci>O</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.001</cn>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>alpha</ci>
<ci>I3</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>Kpcf</ci>
<ci>I1</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="millisecond">0.01</cn>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>alpha</ci>
<ci>gamma</ci>
<ci>C4</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">4</cn>
<ci>beta</ci>
<ci>Kpcf</ci>
<ci>I1</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>Kpcb</ci>
<ci>I1</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>I2</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.001</cn>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>Kpcf</ci>
<ci>O</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>alpha</ci>
<ci>I2</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>Kpcb</ci>
<ci>I3</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.002</cn>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>Kpcf</ci>
<ci>C4</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">4</cn>
<ci>beta</ci>
<ci>I2</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>gamma</ci>
<ci>I2</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>I3</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.001</cn>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>Kpcf</ci>
<ci>I1</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>alpha</ci>
<ci>I3</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>gamma</ci>
<ci>I2</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="millisecond">1</cn>
<ci>gamma</ci>
<ci>Kpcf</ci>
<ci>C4</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="millisecond">4</cn>
<ci>beta</ci>
<ci>Kpcb</ci>
<ci>I3</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>Kpcb</ci>
<ci>I3</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>alpha</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millisecond">0.4</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">12</cn>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">10</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.7</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<power/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">40</cn>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt2">10</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.75</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<power/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">20</cn>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt2">400</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.12</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">12</cn>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">10</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>beta</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millisecond">0.05</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">12</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">13</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>gamma</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>Kpc_max</ci>
<ci>Cass</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>Kpc_half</ci>
<ci>Cass</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>Kpcf</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millisecond">13</cn>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<power/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">14.5</cn>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt2">100</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="calcium_pump_current">
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" public_interface="out" name="i_pCa"/>
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" name="i_pCa_max" initial_value="1"/>
<variable units="micromolar" name="Km_pCa" initial_value="0.5"/>
<variable units="micromolar" public_interface="in" name="Cai"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_pCa</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>i_pCa_max</ci>
<apply>
<power/>
<ci>Cai</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<power/>
<ci>Km_pCa</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<power/>
<ci>Cai</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="sodium_calcium_exchange_current">
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" public_interface="out" name="i_NaCa"/>
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" name="k_NaCa" initial_value="292.8"/>
<variable units="micromolar" name="K_mNa" initial_value="87500"/>
<variable units="micromolar" name="K_mCa" initial_value="1380"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="k_sat" initial_value="0.1"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="eta" initial_value="0.35"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<variable units="joule_per_mole_kelvin" public_interface="in" name="R"/>
<variable units="kelvin" public_interface="in" name="T"/>
<variable units="coulomb_per_millimole" public_interface="in" name="F"/>
<variable units="micromolar" public_interface="in" name="Nai"/>
<variable units="micromolar" public_interface="in" name="Nao"/>
<variable units="micromolar" public_interface="in" name="Cai"/>
<variable units="micromolar" public_interface="in" name="Cao"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_NaCa</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>k_NaCa</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<power/>
<ci>K_mNa</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">3</cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<power/>
<ci>Nao</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">3</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>K_mCa</ci>
<ci>Cao</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>k_sat</ci>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>eta</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
</apply>
<ci>V</ci>
<ci>F</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>R</ci>
<ci>T</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>eta</ci>
<ci>V</ci>
<ci>F</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>R</ci>
<ci>T</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<power/>
<ci>Nai</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">3</cn>
</apply>
<ci>Cao</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>eta</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
</apply>
<ci>V</ci>
<ci>F</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>R</ci>
<ci>T</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<power/>
<ci>Nao</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">3</cn>
</apply>
<ci>Cai</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="calcium_background_current">
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" public_interface="out" name="i_Cab"/>
<variable units="milliS_per_microF" name="g_Cab" initial_value="0.000367"/>
<variable units="millivolt" name="E_CaN"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<variable units="joule_per_mole_kelvin" public_interface="in" name="R"/>
<variable units="kelvin" public_interface="in" name="T"/>
<variable units="coulomb_per_millimole" public_interface="in" name="F"/>
<variable units="micromolar" public_interface="in" name="Cai"/>
<variable units="micromolar" public_interface="in" name="Cao"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_Cab</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>g_Cab</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<ci>E_CaN</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>E_CaN</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>R</ci>
<ci>T</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
<ci>F</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<ln/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>Cao</ci>
<ci>Cai</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="sodium_concentration">
<variable units="micromolar" public_interface="out" name="Nai" initial_value="14237.1"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<variable units="coulomb_per_millimole" public_interface="in" name="F"/>
<variable units="microlitre" public_interface="in" name="Vmyo"/>
<variable units="microF_per_cm2" public_interface="in" name="Cm"/>
<variable units="cm2" public_interface="in" name="Acap"/>
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" public_interface="in" name="i_Na"/>
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" public_interface="in" name="i_NaCa"/>
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" public_interface="in" name="i_NaK"/>
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" public_interface="in" name="i_Nab"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>Nai</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>i_Na</ci>
<ci>i_Nab</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">3</cn>
<ci>i_NaK</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">3</cn>
<ci>i_NaCa</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<ci>Acap</ci>
<ci>Cm</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>Vmyo</ci>
<ci>F</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="fast_sodium_current">
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" public_interface="out" name="i_Na" cmeta:id="fast_sodium_current_i_Na"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="out" name="E_Na"/>
<variable units="milliS_per_microF" name="g_Na" initial_value="13"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="O_Na" initial_value="0.713483e-6"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="C_Na1" initial_value="0.279132e-3"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="C_Na2" initial_value="0.020752"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="C_Na3"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="I1_Na" initial_value="0.673345e-6"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="I2_Na" initial_value="0.155787e-8"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="IF_Na" initial_value="0.153176e-3"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="IC_Na2" initial_value="0.0113879"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="IC_Na3" initial_value="0.34278"/>
<variable units="per_millisecond" name="alpha_Na11"/>
<variable units="per_millisecond" name="beta_Na11"/>
<variable units="per_millisecond" name="alpha_Na12"/>
<variable units="per_millisecond" name="beta_Na12"/>
<variable units="per_millisecond" name="alpha_Na13"/>
<variable units="per_millisecond" name="beta_Na13"/>
<variable units="per_millisecond" name="alpha_Na3"/>
<variable units="per_millisecond" name="beta_Na3"/>
<variable units="per_millisecond" name="alpha_Na2"/>
<variable units="per_millisecond" name="beta_Na2"/>
<variable units="per_millisecond" name="alpha_Na4"/>
<variable units="per_millisecond" name="beta_Na4"/>
<variable units="per_millisecond" name="alpha_Na5"/>
<variable units="per_millisecond" name="beta_Na5"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<variable units="joule_per_mole_kelvin" public_interface="in" name="R"/>
<variable units="kelvin" public_interface="in" name="T"/>
<variable units="coulomb_per_millimole" public_interface="in" name="F"/>
<variable units="micromolar" public_interface="in" name="Nao"/>
<variable units="micromolar" public_interface="in" name="Nai"/>
<variable units="micromolar" public_interface="in" name="Ko"/>
<variable units="micromolar" public_interface="in" name="Ki"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_Na</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>g_Na</ci>
<ci>O_Na</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<ci>E_Na</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>E_Na</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>R</ci>
<ci>T</ci>
</apply>
<ci>F</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<ln/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.9</cn>
<ci>Nao</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.1</cn>
<ci>Ko</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.9</cn>
<ci>Nai</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.1</cn>
<ci>Ki</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>C_Na3</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>O_Na</ci>
<ci>C_Na1</ci>
<ci>C_Na2</ci>
<ci>IF_Na</ci>
<ci>I1_Na</ci>
<ci>I2_Na</ci>
<ci>IC_Na2</ci>
<ci>IC_Na3</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>C_Na2</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>alpha_Na11</ci>
<ci>C_Na3</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>beta_Na12</ci>
<ci>C_Na1</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>alpha_Na3</ci>
<ci>IC_Na2</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>beta_Na11</ci>
<ci>C_Na2</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>alpha_Na12</ci>
<ci>C_Na2</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>beta_Na3</ci>
<ci>C_Na2</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>C_Na1</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>alpha_Na12</ci>
<ci>C_Na2</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>beta_Na13</ci>
<ci>O_Na</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>alpha_Na3</ci>
<ci>IF_Na</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>beta_Na12</ci>
<ci>C_Na1</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>alpha_Na13</ci>
<ci>C_Na1</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>beta_Na3</ci>
<ci>C_Na1</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>O_Na</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>alpha_Na13</ci>
<ci>C_Na1</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>beta_Na2</ci>
<ci>IF_Na</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>beta_Na13</ci>
<ci>O_Na</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>alpha_Na2</ci>
<ci>O_Na</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>IF_Na</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>alpha_Na2</ci>
<ci>O_Na</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>beta_Na3</ci>
<ci>C_Na1</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>beta_Na4</ci>
<ci>I1_Na</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>alpha_Na12</ci>
<ci>IC_Na2</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>beta_Na2</ci>
<ci>IF_Na</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>alpha_Na3</ci>
<ci>IF_Na</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>alpha_Na4</ci>
<ci>IF_Na</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>beta_Na12</ci>
<ci>IF_Na</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>I1_Na</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>alpha_Na4</ci>
<ci>IF_Na</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>beta_Na5</ci>
<ci>I2_Na</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>beta_Na4</ci>
<ci>I1_Na</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>alpha_Na5</ci>
<ci>I1_Na</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>I2_Na</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>alpha_Na5</ci>
<ci>I1_Na</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>beta_Na5</ci>
<ci>I2_Na</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>IC_Na2</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>alpha_Na11</ci>
<ci>IC_Na3</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>beta_Na12</ci>
<ci>IF_Na</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>beta_Na3</ci>
<ci>IC_Na2</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>beta_Na11</ci>
<ci>IC_Na2</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>alpha_Na12</ci>
<ci>IC_Na2</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>alpha_Na3</ci>
<ci>IC_Na2</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>IC_Na3</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>beta_Na11</ci>
<ci>IC_Na2</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>beta_Na3</ci>
<ci>C_Na3</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>alpha_Na11</ci>
<ci>IC_Na3</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>alpha_Na3</ci>
<ci>IC_Na3</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>alpha_Na11</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millisecond">3.802</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.1027</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">2.5</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">17</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.2</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">2.5</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">150</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>alpha_Na12</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millisecond">3.802</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.1027</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">2.5</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">15</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.23</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">2.5</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">150</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>alpha_Na13</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millisecond">3.802</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.1027</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">2.5</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">12</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.25</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">2.5</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">150</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>beta_Na11</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millisecond">0.1917</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">2.5</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">20.3</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>beta_Na12</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millisecond">0.2</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">2.5</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">20.3</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>beta_Na13</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millisecond">0.22</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">7.5</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">20.3</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>alpha_Na3</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millisecond">7e-7</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">7</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">7.7</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>beta_Na3</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millisecond">0.0084</cn>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millivolt_millisecond">0.00002</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">7</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>alpha_Na2</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millisecond">1</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.188495</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">7</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">16.6</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.393956</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>beta_Na2</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>alpha_Na13</ci>
<ci>alpha_Na2</ci>
<ci>alpha_Na3</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>beta_Na13</ci>
<ci>beta_Na3</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>alpha_Na4</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>alpha_Na2</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1000</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>beta_Na4</ci>
<ci>alpha_Na3</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>alpha_Na5</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>alpha_Na2</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">95000</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>beta_Na5</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>alpha_Na3</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">50</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="sodium_background_current">
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" public_interface="out" name="i_Nab"/>
<variable units="milliS_per_microF" name="g_Nab" initial_value="0.0026"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="E_Na"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_Nab</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>g_Nab</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<ci>E_Na</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="potassium_concentration">
<variable units="micromolar" public_interface="out" name="Ki" initial_value="143720"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<variable units="coulomb_per_millimole" public_interface="in" name="F"/>
<variable units="microlitre" public_interface="in" name="Vmyo"/>
<variable units="microF_per_cm2" public_interface="in" name="Cm"/>
<variable units="cm2" public_interface="in" name="Acap"/>
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" public_interface="in" name="i_Kto_f"/>
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" public_interface="in" name="i_Kto_s"/>
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" public_interface="in" name="i_K1"/>
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" public_interface="in" name="i_Ks"/>
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" public_interface="in" name="i_Kss"/>
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" public_interface="in" name="i_Kur"/>
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" public_interface="in" name="i_Kr"/>
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" public_interface="in" name="i_NaK"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>Ki</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>i_Kto_f</ci>
<ci>i_Kto_s</ci>
<ci>i_K1</ci>
<ci>i_Ks</ci>
<ci>i_Kss</ci>
<ci>i_Kur</ci>
<ci>i_Kr</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
<ci>i_NaK</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<ci>Acap</ci>
<ci>Cm</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>Vmyo</ci>
<ci>F</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="fast_transient_outward_potassium_current">
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" public_interface="out" name="i_Kto_f"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="out" name="E_K"/>
<variable units="milliS_per_microF" name="g_Kto_f" initial_value="0.4067"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="ato_f" initial_value="0.265563e-2"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="ito_f" initial_value="0.999977"/>
<variable units="per_millisecond" name="alpha_a"/>
<variable units="per_millisecond" name="beta_a"/>
<variable units="per_millisecond" name="alpha_i"/>
<variable units="per_millisecond" name="beta_i"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<variable units="joule_per_mole_kelvin" public_interface="in" name="R"/>
<variable units="kelvin" public_interface="in" name="T"/>
<variable units="coulomb_per_millimole" public_interface="in" name="F"/>
<variable units="micromolar" public_interface="in" name="Ki"/>
<variable units="micromolar" public_interface="in" name="Ko"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_Kto_f</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>g_Kto_f</ci>
<apply>
<power/>
<ci>ato_f</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">3</cn>
</apply>
<ci>ito_f</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<ci>E_K</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>E_K</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>R</ci>
<ci>T</ci>
</apply>
<ci>F</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<ln/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>Ko</ci>
<ci>Ki</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>ato_f</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>alpha_a</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<ci>ato_f</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>beta_a</ci>
<ci>ato_f</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>ito_f</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>alpha_i</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<ci>ito_f</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>beta_i</ci>
<ci>ito_f</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>alpha_a</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millisecond">0.18064</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.03577</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">30</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>beta_a</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millisecond">0.3956</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.06237</cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">30</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>alpha_i</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millisecond">0.000152</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">13.5</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">7</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.0067083</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">33.5</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">7</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>beta_i</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millisecond">0.00095</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">33.5</cn>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">7</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.051335</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">33.5</cn>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">7</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="slow_transient_outward_potassium_current">
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" public_interface="out" name="i_Kto_s"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="ass"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="iss"/>
<variable units="milliS_per_microF" name="g_Kto_s" initial_value="0"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="ato_s" initial_value="0.417069e-3"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="ito_s" initial_value="0.998543"/>
<variable units="millisecond" name="tau_ta_s"/>
<variable units="millisecond" name="tau_ti_s"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="E_K"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_Kto_s</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>g_Kto_s</ci>
<ci>ato_s</ci>
<ci>ito_s</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<ci>E_K</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>ato_s</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>ass</ci>
<ci>ato_s</ci>
</apply>
<ci>tau_ta_s</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>ito_s</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>iss</ci>
<ci>ito_s</ci>
</apply>
<ci>tau_ti_s</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>ass</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">22.5</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">7.7</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>iss</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">45.2</cn>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">5.7</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>tau_ta_s</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="millisecond">0.493</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.0629</cn>
</apply>
<ci>V</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millisecond">2.058</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>tau_ti_s</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="millisecond">270</cn>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="millisecond">1050</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">45.2</cn>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">5.7</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="time_independent_potassium_current">
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" public_interface="out" name="i_K1"/>
<variable units="micromolar" public_interface="in" name="Ko"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="E_K"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_K1</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="milliS_per_microF">0.2938</cn>
<ci>Ko</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>Ko</ci>
<cn cellml:units="micromolar">210</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<ci>E_K</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.0896</cn>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<ci>E_K</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="slow_delayed_rectifier_potassium_current">
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" public_interface="out" name="i_Ks"/>
<variable units="milliS_per_microF" name="g_Ks" initial_value="0.00575"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="nKs" initial_value="0.262753e-3"/>
<variable units="per_millisecond" name="alpha_n"/>
<variable units="per_millisecond" name="beta_n"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="E_K"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_Ks</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>g_Ks</ci>
<apply>
<power/>
<ci>nKs</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<ci>E_K</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>nKs</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>alpha_n</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<ci>nKs</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>beta_n</ci>
<ci>nKs</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>alpha_n</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millivolt_millisecond">0.00000481333</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">26.5</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.128</cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">26.5</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>beta_n</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millisecond">0.0000953333</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.038</cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">26.5</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="ultra_rapidly_activating_delayed_rectifier_potassium_current">
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" public_interface="out" name="i_Kur"/>
<variable units="milliS_per_microF" name="g_Kur" initial_value="0.16"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="aur" initial_value="0.417069e-3"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="iur" initial_value="0.998543"/>
<variable units="millisecond" name="tau_aur"/>
<variable units="millisecond" name="tau_iur"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="E_K"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="in" name="ass"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="in" name="iss"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_Kur</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>g_Kur</ci>
<ci>aur</ci>
<ci>iur</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<ci>E_K</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>aur</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>ass</ci>
<ci>aur</ci>
</apply>
<ci>tau_aur</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>iur</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>iss</ci>
<ci>iur</ci>
</apply>
<ci>tau_iur</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>tau_aur</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="millisecond">0.493</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.0629</cn>
</apply>
<ci>V</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millisecond">2.058</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>tau_iur</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="millisecond">1200</cn>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="millisecond">170</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">45.2</cn>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">5.7</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="non_inactivating_steady_state_potassium_current">
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" public_interface="out" name="i_Kss"/>
<variable units="milliS_per_microF" name="g_Kss" initial_value="0.05"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="aKss" initial_value="0.417069e-3"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="iKss" initial_value="1"/>
<variable units="millisecond" name="tau_Kss"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="E_K"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="in" name="ass"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_Kss</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>g_Kss</ci>
<ci>aKss</ci>
<ci>iKss</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<ci>E_K</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>aKss</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>ass</ci>
<ci>aKss</ci>
</apply>
<ci>tau_Kss</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>iKss</ci>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="per_millisecond">0</cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>tau_Kss</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="millisecond">39.3</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.0862</cn>
</apply>
<ci>V</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millisecond">13.17</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="rapid_delayed_rectifier_potassium_current">
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" public_interface="out" name="i_Kr"/>
<variable units="milliS_per_microF" name="g_Kr" initial_value="0.078"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="O_K" initial_value="0.175298e-3"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="C_K1" initial_value="0.992513e-3"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="C_K2" initial_value="0.641229e-3"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="C_K0"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="I_K" initial_value="0.319129e-4"/>
<variable units="per_millisecond" name="alpha_a0"/>
<variable units="per_millisecond" name="beta_a0"/>
<variable units="per_millisecond" name="kb" initial_value="0.036778"/>
<variable units="per_millisecond" name="kf" initial_value="0.023761"/>
<variable units="per_millisecond" name="alpha_a1"/>
<variable units="per_millisecond" name="beta_a1"/>
<variable units="per_millisecond" name="alpha_i"/>
<variable units="per_millisecond" name="beta_i"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<variable units="joule_per_mole_kelvin" public_interface="in" name="R"/>
<variable units="kelvin" public_interface="in" name="T"/>
<variable units="coulomb_per_millimole" public_interface="in" name="F"/>
<variable units="micromolar" public_interface="in" name="Nao"/>
<variable units="micromolar" public_interface="in" name="Nai"/>
<variable units="micromolar" public_interface="in" name="Ko"/>
<variable units="micromolar" public_interface="in" name="Ki"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_Kr</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>g_Kr</ci>
<ci>O_K</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>R</ci>
<ci>T</ci>
</apply>
<ci>F</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<ln/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.98</cn>
<ci>Ko</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.02</cn>
<ci>Nao</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.98</cn>
<ci>Ki</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.02</cn>
<ci>Nai</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>C_K0</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>C_K1</ci>
<ci>C_K2</ci>
<ci>O_K</ci>
<ci>I_K</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>C_K2</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>kf</ci>
<ci>C_K1</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>beta_a1</ci>
<ci>O_K</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>kb</ci>
<ci>C_K2</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>alpha_a1</ci>
<ci>C_K2</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>C_K1</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>alpha_a0</ci>
<ci>C_K0</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>kb</ci>
<ci>C_K2</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>beta_a0</ci>
<ci>C_K1</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>kf</ci>
<ci>C_K1</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>O_K</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>alpha_a1</ci>
<ci>C_K2</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>beta_i</ci>
<ci>I_K</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>beta_a1</ci>
<ci>O_K</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>alpha_i</ci>
<ci>O_K</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>I_K</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>alpha_i</ci>
<ci>O_K</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>beta_i</ci>
<ci>I_K</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>alpha_a0</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millisecond">0.022348</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.01176</cn>
<ci>V</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>beta_a0</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millisecond">0.047002</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.0631</cn>
</apply>
<ci>V</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>alpha_a1</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millisecond">0.013733</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.038198</cn>
<ci>V</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>beta_a1</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millisecond">0.0000689</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.04178</cn>
</apply>
<ci>V</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>alpha_i</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millisecond">0.090821</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.023391</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">5</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>beta_i</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millisecond">0.006497</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.03268</cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">5</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="sodium_potassium_pump_current">
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" public_interface="out" name="i_NaK"/>
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" name="i_NaK_max" initial_value="0.88"/>
<variable units="micromolar" name="Km_Nai" initial_value="21000"/>
<variable units="micromolar" name="Km_Ko" initial_value="1500"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="f_NaK"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="sigma"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<variable units="joule_per_mole_kelvin" public_interface="in" name="R"/>
<variable units="kelvin" public_interface="in" name="T"/>
<variable units="coulomb_per_millimole" public_interface="in" name="F"/>
<variable units="micromolar" public_interface="in" name="Nai"/>
<variable units="micromolar" public_interface="in" name="Nao"/>
<variable units="micromolar" public_interface="in" name="Ko"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_NaK</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>i_NaK_max</ci>
<ci>f_NaK</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<power/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>Km_Nai</ci>
<ci>Nai</ci>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1.5</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<ci>Ko</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>Ko</ci>
<ci>Km_Ko</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>f_NaK</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.1245</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.1</cn>
</apply>
<ci>V</ci>
<ci>F</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>R</ci>
<ci>T</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.0365</cn>
<ci>sigma</ci>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
</apply>
<ci>F</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>R</ci>
<ci>T</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>sigma</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">7</cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>Nao</ci>
<cn cellml:units="micromolar">67300</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="calcium_activated_chloride_current">
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" public_interface="out" name="i_ClCa"/>
<variable units="milliS_per_microF" name="g_ClCa" initial_value="10"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="O_ClCa"/>
<variable units="millivolt" name="E_Cl" initial_value="-40"/>
<variable units="micromolar" name="Km_Cl" initial_value="10"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<variable units="micromolar" public_interface="in" name="Cai"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_ClCa</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>g_ClCa</ci>
<ci>O_ClCa</ci>
<ci>Cai</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>Cai</ci>
<ci>Km_Cl</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<ci>E_Cl</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>O_ClCa</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.2</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">46.7</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">7.8</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<group>
<relationship_ref relationship="containment"/>
<component_ref component="membrane">
<component_ref component="calcium_concentration"/>
<component_ref component="calcium_fluxes"/>
<component_ref component="calcium_buffering"/>
<component_ref component="ryanodine_receptors"/>
<component_ref component="L_type_calcium_current"/>
<component_ref component="calcium_pump_current"/>
<component_ref component="sodium_calcium_exchange_current"/>
<component_ref component="calcium_background_current"/>
<component_ref component="sodium_concentration"/>
<component_ref component="fast_sodium_current"/>
<component_ref component="sodium_background_current"/>
<component_ref component="potassium_concentration"/>
<component_ref component="fast_transient_outward_potassium_current"/>
<component_ref component="slow_transient_outward_potassium_current"/>
<component_ref component="time_independent_potassium_current"/>
<component_ref component="slow_delayed_rectifier_potassium_current"/>
<component_ref component="ultra_rapidly_activating_delayed_rectifier_potassium_current"/>
<component_ref component="non_inactivating_steady_state_potassium_current"/>
<component_ref component="rapid_delayed_rectifier_potassium_current"/>
<component_ref component="sodium_potassium_pump_current"/>
<component_ref component="calcium_activated_chloride_current"/>
</component_ref>
</group>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="membrane"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="calcium_concentration"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="calcium_fluxes"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="calcium_buffering"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="ryanodine_receptors"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="L_type_calcium_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="sodium_concentration"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="fast_sodium_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="potassium_concentration"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="fast_transient_outward_potassium_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="slow_transient_outward_potassium_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="slow_delayed_rectifier_potassium_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="time_independent_potassium_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="ultra_rapidly_activating_delayed_rectifier_potassium_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="non_inactivating_steady_state_potassium_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="rapid_delayed_rectifier_potassium_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="L_type_calcium_current" component_1="membrane"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_CaL" variable_1="i_CaL"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="calcium_pump_current" component_1="membrane"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_pCa" variable_1="i_pCa"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="sodium_calcium_exchange_current" component_1="membrane"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_NaCa" variable_1="i_NaCa"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
<map_variables variable_2="R" variable_1="R"/>
<map_variables variable_2="T" variable_1="T"/>
<map_variables variable_2="F" variable_1="F"/>
<map_variables variable_2="Cao" variable_1="Cao"/>
<map_variables variable_2="Nao" variable_1="Nao"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="calcium_background_current" component_1="membrane"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_Cab" variable_1="i_Cab"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
<map_variables variable_2="R" variable_1="R"/>
<map_variables variable_2="T" variable_1="T"/>
<map_variables variable_2="F" variable_1="F"/>
<map_variables variable_2="Cao" variable_1="Cao"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="fast_sodium_current" component_1="membrane"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_Na" variable_1="i_Na"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
<map_variables variable_2="R" variable_1="R"/>
<map_variables variable_2="T" variable_1="T"/>
<map_variables variable_2="F" variable_1="F"/>
<map_variables variable_2="Ko" variable_1="Ko"/>
<map_variables variable_2="Nao" variable_1="Nao"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="sodium_background_current" component_1="membrane"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_Nab" variable_1="i_Nab"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="sodium_potassium_pump_current" component_1="membrane"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_NaK" variable_1="i_NaK"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
<map_variables variable_2="R" variable_1="R"/>
<map_variables variable_2="T" variable_1="T"/>
<map_variables variable_2="F" variable_1="F"/>
<map_variables variable_2="Ko" variable_1="Ko"/>
<map_variables variable_2="Nao" variable_1="Nao"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="fast_transient_outward_potassium_current" component_1="membrane"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_Kto_f" variable_1="i_Kto_f"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
<map_variables variable_2="R" variable_1="R"/>
<map_variables variable_2="T" variable_1="T"/>
<map_variables variable_2="F" variable_1="F"/>
<map_variables variable_2="Ko" variable_1="Ko"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="slow_transient_outward_potassium_current" component_1="membrane"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_Kto_s" variable_1="i_Kto_s"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="time_independent_potassium_current" component_1="membrane"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_K1" variable_1="i_K1"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
<map_variables variable_2="Ko" variable_1="Ko"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="slow_delayed_rectifier_potassium_current" component_1="membrane"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_Ks" variable_1="i_Ks"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="ultra_rapidly_activating_delayed_rectifier_potassium_current" component_1="membrane"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_Kur" variable_1="i_Kur"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="non_inactivating_steady_state_potassium_current" component_1="membrane"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_Kss" variable_1="i_Kss"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="rapid_delayed_rectifier_potassium_current" component_1="membrane"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_Kr" variable_1="i_Kr"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
<map_variables variable_2="R" variable_1="R"/>
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<vCard:Given>James</vCard:Given>
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