- Author:
- pmr2.import <nobody@models.cellml.org>
- Date:
- 2009-06-17 12:44:46+12:00
- Desc:
- committing version02 of chang_fujita_2001
- Permanent Source URI:
- https://models.cellml.org/workspace/chang_fujita_2001/rawfile/3154891c06dfcd5cdb61375c7e916e39fa7d41d0/chang_fujita_2001renal_Na_H_exchanger_model.cellml
<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
<!-- FILE : renal_anion_exchanger_model_version02.xml
CREATED : 29th May 2007
LAST MODIFIED : 29th May 2007
AUTHOR : Catherine Lloyd
The Bioengineering Institute
The University of Auckland
MODEL STATUS : This model conforms to the CellML 1.1 Specification.
DESCRIPTION : This file contains a CellML description of Chang and Fujita's 2001 mathematical model of an anion exchanger in the distal tubule of the rat: it is one component of an overall model of acid/base transport in a distal tubule.
CHANGES:
--><model xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" xmlns:cmeta="http://www.cellml.org/metadata/1.0#" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:bqs="http://www.cellml.org/bqs/1.0#" xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" xmlns:dcterms="http://purl.org/dc/terms/" xmlns:vCard="http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#" cmeta:id="renal_anion_exchanger_model_version02" name="chang_fujita_2001_version03">
<documentation xmlns="http://cellml.org/tmp-documentation">
<article>
<articleinfo>
<title>Mathematical Models of Ionic Transport in the Distal Tubule of the Rat</title>
<author>
<firstname>Catherine</firstname>
<surname>Lloyd</surname>
<affiliation>
<shortaffil>Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland</shortaffil>
</affiliation>
</author>
</articleinfo>
<section id="sec_status">
<title>Model Status</title>
<para>
This CellML model is a description of Chang and Fujita's 2001 mathematical model of an anion exchanger in the distal tubule of the rat: it is one component of an overall model of acid/base transport in a distal tubule. </para>
</section>
<sect1 id="sec_structure">
<title>Model Structure</title>
<para>
Acid-base transport in the rat distal tubule of the kidney has been extensively studied by a variety of different experimental methods. These experiments have shown that in the early part of the distal tubule, H<superscript>+</superscript> is secreted into the tubular fluid via a Na/H exchanger embedded in the luminal membrane. Closely linked with this process is the transport of HCO<subscript>3</subscript>
<superscript>-</superscript> out of the cytosolic space into the basolateral space. This probably occurs via an anion exchanger (see <xref linkend="fig_reaction_diagram2"/> below). In the late distal tubule, distinct cell types called intercalated cells are present. These cells are specifically involved in acid-base transport. Type A cells secrete H<superscript>+</superscript> via a luminal H-ATPase, and they extrude HCO<subscript>3</subscript>
<superscript>-</superscript> via a basolateral anion exchanger. Type B cells have anion transporters on their opposite side, and they function to secrete HCO<subscript>3</subscript>
<superscript>-</superscript> into the tubular fluid.
</para>
<para>
The complete original paper reference is cited below:
</para>
<para>
<ulink url="http://ajprenal.physiology.org/cgi/content/abstract/281/2/F222">A numerical model of acid-base transport in rat distal tubule</ulink>, Hangil Chang and Toshiro Fujita, 2001, <ulink url="http://ajpcon.physiology.org/">
<emphasis>American Journal of Physiology</emphasis>
</ulink>, 281, F222-F243. (<ulink url="http://ajprenal.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/281/2/F222.pdf">PDF</ulink> and <ulink url="http://ajprenal.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/281/2/F222">text</ulink> versions of the article are available to Journal subscribers. <ulink url="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11457714&dopt=Abstract">PubMed ID: 11457714</ulink>)
</para>
<informalfigure float="0" id="fig_reaction_diagram2">
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<objectinfo>
<title>reaction_diagram2</title>
</objectinfo>
<imagedata fileref="chang_2001b.png"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
<caption>State diagram of the anion exchanger. In this model, the anion transporter (E) has a single binding site to which Cl<superscript>-</superscript> and HCO<subscript>3</subscript>
<superscript>-</superscript> competitively bind. Only the bound forms of the transporter are able to cross the membrane. (Symbols with the asterisk (*) represent conformations facing the cytosol, symbols without indicate conformations facing the extracellular environment.)</caption>
</informalfigure>
</sect1>
</article>
</documentation>
<units name="millimolar">
<unit units="mole" prefix="milli"/>
<unit units="litre" exponent="-1"/>
</units>
<units name="flux">
<unit units="millimolar"/>
<unit units="second" exponent="-1"/>
</units>
<units name="first_order_rate_constant">
<unit units="second" exponent="-1"/>
</units>
<units name="second_order_rate_constant">
<unit units="millimolar" exponent="-1"/>
<unit units="second" exponent="-1"/>
</units>
<component name="environment">
<variable units="second" public_interface="out" name="time"/>
</component>
<component name="E" cmeta:id="E">
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="out" name="E"/>
<variable units="second_order_rate_constant" public_interface="in" name="k1"/>
<variable units="first_order_rate_constant" public_interface="in" name="k2"/>
<variable units="second_order_rate_constant" public_interface="in" name="k3"/>
<variable units="first_order_rate_constant" public_interface="in" name="k4"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="ECl"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="EHCO3"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="HCO3"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Cl"/>
<variable units="second" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci> E </ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci> k2 </ci>
<ci> ECl </ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci> k4 </ci>
<ci> EHCO3 </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci> k1 </ci>
<ci> Cl </ci>
<ci> E </ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci> k3 </ci>
<ci> HCO3 </ci>
<ci> E </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="ECl" cmeta:id="ECl">
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="out" name="ECl"/>
<variable units="second_order_rate_constant" public_interface="in" name="k1"/>
<variable units="first_order_rate_constant" public_interface="in" name="k2"/>
<variable units="first_order_rate_constant" public_interface="in" name="k9"/>
<variable units="first_order_rate_constant" public_interface="in" name="k10"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="ECl_"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="E"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Cl"/>
<variable units="second" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci> ECl </ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci> k1 </ci>
<ci> Cl </ci>
<ci> E </ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci> k10 </ci>
<ci> ECl_ </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci> k2 </ci>
<ci> ECl </ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci> k9 </ci>
<ci> ECl </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="EHCO3" cmeta:id="EHCO3">
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="out" name="EHCO3"/>
<variable units="first_order_rate_constant" public_interface="in" name="k11"/>
<variable units="first_order_rate_constant" public_interface="in" name="k12"/>
<variable units="second_order_rate_constant" public_interface="in" name="k3"/>
<variable units="first_order_rate_constant" public_interface="in" name="k4"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="E"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="EHCO3_"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="HCO3"/>
<variable units="second" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci> EHCO3 </ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci> k3 </ci>
<ci> HCO3 </ci>
<ci> E </ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci> k12 </ci>
<ci> EHCO3_ </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci> k4 </ci>
<ci> EHCO3 </ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci> k11 </ci>
<ci> EHCO3 </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="E_" cmeta:id="E_">
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="out" name="E_"/>
<variable units="second_order_rate_constant" public_interface="in" name="k5"/>
<variable units="first_order_rate_constant" public_interface="in" name="k6"/>
<variable units="second_order_rate_constant" public_interface="in" name="k7"/>
<variable units="first_order_rate_constant" public_interface="in" name="k8"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="ECl_"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="EHCO3_"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="HCO3_"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Cl_"/>
<variable units="second" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci> E_ </ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci> k6 </ci>
<ci> ECl_ </ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci> k8 </ci>
<ci> EHCO3_ </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci> k5 </ci>
<ci> Cl_ </ci>
<ci> E_ </ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci> k7 </ci>
<ci> HCO3_ </ci>
<ci> E_ </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="ECl_" cmeta:id="ECl_">
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="out" name="ECl_"/>
<variable units="second_order_rate_constant" public_interface="in" name="k5"/>
<variable units="first_order_rate_constant" public_interface="in" name="k6"/>
<variable units="first_order_rate_constant" public_interface="in" name="k9"/>
<variable units="first_order_rate_constant" public_interface="in" name="k10"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="ECl"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="E_"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Cl_"/>
<variable units="second" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci> ECl_ </ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci> k5 </ci>
<ci> Cl_ </ci>
<ci> E_ </ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci> k9 </ci>
<ci> ECl </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci> k6 </ci>
<ci> ECl_ </ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci> k10 </ci>
<ci> ECl_ </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="EHCO3_" cmeta:id="EHCO3_">
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="out" name="EHCO3_"/>
<variable units="first_order_rate_constant" public_interface="in" name="k11"/>
<variable units="first_order_rate_constant" public_interface="in" name="k12"/>
<variable units="second_order_rate_constant" public_interface="in" name="k7"/>
<variable units="first_order_rate_constant" public_interface="in" name="k8"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="E_"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="EHCO3"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="HCO3_"/>
<variable units="second" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci> EHCO3_ </ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci> k7 </ci>
<ci> HCO3_ </ci>
<ci> E_ </ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci> k11 </ci>
<ci> EHCO3 </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci> k8 </ci>
<ci> EHCO3_ </ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci> k12 </ci>
<ci> EHCO3_ </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="J_Cl_influx" cmeta:id="J_Cl_influx">
<variable units="flux" public_interface="out" name="J_Cl_influx"/>
<variable units="millimolar" name="Ki_Cl" initial_value="0.528"/>
<variable units="millimolar" name="Ki_HCO3" initial_value="0.423"/>
<variable units="first_order_rate_constant" public_interface="in" name="k9"/>
<variable units="first_order_rate_constant" public_interface="in" name="k10"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="ECl_"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="ECl"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Cl_"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="HCO3_"/>
<variable units="second" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>J_Cl_influx</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci> k9 </ci>
<ci> ECl </ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci> k10 </ci>
<ci> ECl_ </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<power/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci> Cl_ </ci>
<ci> Ki_Cl </ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci> HCO3_ </ci>
<ci> Ki_HCO3 </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> -1.0 </cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="reaction_constants">
<variable units="second_order_rate_constant" public_interface="out" name="k1" initial_value="1.0E8"/>
<variable units="first_order_rate_constant" public_interface="out" name="k2" initial_value="7.87E6"/>
<variable units="second_order_rate_constant" public_interface="out" name="k3" initial_value="1.0E8"/>
<variable units="first_order_rate_constant" public_interface="out" name="k4" initial_value="8.28E6"/>
<variable units="second_order_rate_constant" public_interface="out" name="k5" initial_value="1.0E8"/>
<variable units="first_order_rate_constant" public_interface="out" name="k6" initial_value="7.87E6"/>
<variable units="second_order_rate_constant" public_interface="out" name="k7" initial_value="1.0E8"/>
<variable units="first_order_rate_constant" public_interface="out" name="k8" initial_value="8.28E6"/>
<variable units="first_order_rate_constant" public_interface="out" name="k9" initial_value="5.14E5"/>
<variable units="first_order_rate_constant" public_interface="out" name="k10" initial_value="9.26E4"/>
<variable units="first_order_rate_constant" public_interface="out" name="k11" initial_value="3.24E5"/>
<variable units="first_order_rate_constant" public_interface="out" name="k12" initial_value="5.83E4"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="out" name="Cl" initial_value="1.0"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="out" name="HCO3" initial_value="1.0"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="out" name="Cl_" initial_value="1.0"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="out" name="HCO3_" initial_value="1.0"/>
</component>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="E"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="ECl"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="EHCO3"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="E_"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="ECl_"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="EHCO3_"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="ECl" component_1="E"/>
<map_variables variable_2="E" variable_1="E"/>
<map_variables variable_2="ECl" variable_1="ECl"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="EHCO3" component_1="E"/>
<map_variables variable_2="E" variable_1="E"/>
<map_variables variable_2="EHCO3" variable_1="EHCO3"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="ECl_" component_1="E_"/>
<map_variables variable_2="E_" variable_1="E_"/>
<map_variables variable_2="ECl_" variable_1="ECl_"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="EHCO3_" component_1="E_"/>
<map_variables variable_2="E_" variable_1="E_"/>
<map_variables variable_2="EHCO3_" variable_1="EHCO3_"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="ECl_" component_1="ECl"/>
<map_variables variable_2="ECl" variable_1="ECl"/>
<map_variables variable_2="ECl_" variable_1="ECl_"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="EHCO3_" component_1="EHCO3"/>
<map_variables variable_2="EHCO3" variable_1="EHCO3"/>
<map_variables variable_2="EHCO3_" variable_1="EHCO3_"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="J_Cl_influx"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="ECl" component_1="J_Cl_influx"/>
<map_variables variable_2="ECl" variable_1="ECl"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="ECl_" component_1="J_Cl_influx"/>
<map_variables variable_2="ECl_" variable_1="ECl_"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="J_Cl_influx" component_1="reaction_constants"/>
<map_variables variable_2="HCO3_" variable_1="HCO3_"/>
<map_variables variable_2="Cl_" variable_1="Cl_"/>
<map_variables variable_2="k9" variable_1="k9"/>
<map_variables variable_2="k10" variable_1="k10"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="reaction_constants" component_1="E"/>
<map_variables variable_2="Cl" variable_1="Cl"/>
<map_variables variable_2="HCO3" variable_1="HCO3"/>
<map_variables variable_2="k1" variable_1="k1"/>
<map_variables variable_2="k2" variable_1="k2"/>
<map_variables variable_2="k3" variable_1="k3"/>
<map_variables variable_2="k4" variable_1="k4"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="reaction_constants" component_1="ECl"/>
<map_variables variable_2="Cl" variable_1="Cl"/>
<map_variables variable_2="k1" variable_1="k1"/>
<map_variables variable_2="k2" variable_1="k2"/>
<map_variables variable_2="k9" variable_1="k9"/>
<map_variables variable_2="k10" variable_1="k10"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="reaction_constants" component_1="EHCO3"/>
<map_variables variable_2="HCO3" variable_1="HCO3"/>
<map_variables variable_2="k11" variable_1="k11"/>
<map_variables variable_2="k12" variable_1="k12"/>
<map_variables variable_2="k3" variable_1="k3"/>
<map_variables variable_2="k4" variable_1="k4"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="reaction_constants" component_1="E_"/>
<map_variables variable_2="Cl_" variable_1="Cl_"/>
<map_variables variable_2="HCO3_" variable_1="HCO3_"/>
<map_variables variable_2="k5" variable_1="k5"/>
<map_variables variable_2="k6" variable_1="k6"/>
<map_variables variable_2="k7" variable_1="k7"/>
<map_variables variable_2="k8" variable_1="k8"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="reaction_constants" component_1="ECl_"/>
<map_variables variable_2="Cl_" variable_1="Cl_"/>
<map_variables variable_2="k5" variable_1="k5"/>
<map_variables variable_2="k6" variable_1="k6"/>
<map_variables variable_2="k9" variable_1="k9"/>
<map_variables variable_2="k10" variable_1="k10"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="reaction_constants" component_1="EHCO3_"/>
<map_variables variable_2="HCO3_" variable_1="HCO3_"/>
<map_variables variable_2="k11" variable_1="k11"/>
<map_variables variable_2="k12" variable_1="k12"/>
<map_variables variable_2="k7" variable_1="k7"/>
<map_variables variable_2="k8" variable_1="k8"/>
</connection>
<rdf:RDF>
<rdf:Bag rdf:about="rdf:#f937e934-8275-4944-9e95-b211b7323928">
<rdf:li>kidney</rdf:li>
<rdf:li>electrophysiology</rdf:li>
</rdf:Bag>
<rdf:Seq rdf:about="rdf:#84cfad78-86ec-4a5e-984c-10179e23967a">
<rdf:li rdf:resource="rdf:#07e3bb61-5332-4397-b37a-1feb435221ce"/>
<rdf:li rdf:resource="rdf:#93e50821-61d8-4e14-965b-c34a297ce832"/>
</rdf:Seq>
<rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#4f3c3f13-1b4e-4459-a661-9cb25f425e6d">
<vCard:Given>Catherine</vCard:Given>
<vCard:Family>Lloyd</vCard:Family>
<vCard:Other>May</vCard:Other>
</rdf:Description>
<rdf:Description rdf:about="">
<dc:publisher>The University of Auckland, Bioengineering Institute</dc:publisher>
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<dc:title>A numerical model of acid-base transport in rat distal tubule</dc:title>
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<bqs:first_page>F222</bqs:first_page>
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<rdf:value>The new version of this model has been re-coded to remove the reaction element and replace it with a simple MathML description of the model reaction kinetics. This is thought to be truer to the original publication, and information regarding the enzyme kinetics etc will later be added to the metadata through use of an ontology.
The model runs in the PCEnv simulator but gives a flat output.</rdf:value>
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<rdf:value>This is the CellML description of Chang and Fujita's 2001 mathematical model of an anion exchanger in the distal tubule of the rat: it is one component of an overall model of acid/base transport in a distal tubule.</rdf:value>
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<vCard:FN>Catherine Lloyd</vCard:FN>
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<vCard:Given>Catherine</vCard:Given>
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<vCard:Orgname>The University of Auckland</vCard:Orgname>
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<dc:title>American Journal of Physiology</dc:title>
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<dc:title>
Chang and Fujita's 2001 mathematical model of an anion exchanger in the
distal tubule of the rat: it is one component of an overall model of
acid/base transport in a distal tubule.
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