- Author:
- pmr2.import <nobody@models.cellml.org>
- Date:
- 2008-04-03 03:27:34+13:00
- Desc:
- committing version01 of guyton_volume_receptors_2008
- Permanent Source URI:
- https://models.cellml.org/workspace/guyton_volume_receptors_2008/rawfile/abecd0a94db24ce80fea8de63eb1f7fb0ec87438/guyton_volume_receptors_2008.cellml
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<articleinfo>
<title>Guyton Model: volume_receptors</title>
<author>
<firstname>Catherine</firstname>
<surname>Lloyd</surname>
<affiliation>
<shortaffil>Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland</shortaffil>
</affiliation>
</author>
</articleinfo>
<section id="sec_status">
<title>Model Status</title>
<para>
This CellML model has not been validated. The equations in this file may contain errors and the output from the model may not conform to the results from the MODSIM program. Due to the differences between procedural code (in this case C-code) and declarative languages (CellML), some aspects of the original model were not able to be encapsulated by the CellML model (such as the damping of variables). Work is underway to fix these omissions and validate the CellML model. We also anticipate that many of these problems will be fixed when the CellML 1.0 models are combined in a CellML 1.1 format.
</para>
</section>
<sect1 id="sec_structure">
<title>Model Structure</title>
<para>
Arthur Guyton (1919-2003) was an American physiologist who became famous for his 1950s experiments in which he studied the physiology of cardiac output and its relationship with the peripheral circulation. The results of these experiments challenged the conventional wisdom that it was the heart itself that controlled cardiac output. Instead Guyton demonstrated that it was the need of the body tissues for oxygen which was the real regulator of cardiac output. The "Guyton Curves" describe the relationship between right atrial pressures and cardiac output, and they form a foundation for understanding the physiology of circulation.
</para>
<para>
The Guyton model of fluid, electrolyte, and circulatory regulation is an extensive mathematical model of human circulatory physiology, capable of simulating a variety of experimental conditions, and contains a number of linked subsystems relating to circulation and its neuroendocrine control.
</para>
<para>
This is a CellML translation of the Guyton model of the regulation of the circulatory system. The complete model consists of separate modules each of which characterise a separate physiological subsystems. The Circulation Dynamics is the primary system, to which other modules/blocks are connected. The other modules characterise the dynamics of the kidney, electrolytes and cell water, thirst and drinking, hormone regulation, autonomic regulation, cardiovascular system etc, and these feedback on the central circulation model. The CellML code in these modules is based on the C code from the programme C-MODSIM created by Dr Jean-Pierre Montani.
</para>
<para>
This particular CellML model describes the volume receptor nervous feedback mechanism. The volume receptors are considered to be activated by right atrial pressure (PRA), and feedback is provided to control non-muscle arterial resistance and venous tone.
</para>
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<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<objectinfo>
<title>model diagram</title>
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<imagedata fileref="full_model.png"/>
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<caption>A systems analysis diagram for the full Guyton model describing circulation regulation.</caption>
</informalfigure>
<informalfigure float="0" id="volume_receptors_diagram">
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<objectinfo>
<title>model diagram</title>
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<caption>A schematic diagram of the components and processes described in the current CellML model.</caption>
</informalfigure>
<para>
There are several publications referring to the Guyton model. One of these papers is cited below:
</para>
<para>
<ulink url="http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.ph.34.030172.000305">Circulation: Overall Regulation</ulink>, A.C. Guyton, T.G. Coleman, and H.J. Granger, 1972, <ulink url="http://www.biophysj.org/">
<emphasis>Annual Review of Physiology</emphasis>
</ulink>, 34, 13-44. (A <ulink url="http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.ph.34.030172.000305?cookieSet=1">PDF</ulink> version of the article are available to journal subscribers on the <emphasis>Annual Review of Physiology</emphasis> website.) <ulink url="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=4334846&query_hl=1&itool=pubmed_docsum">PubMed ID: 4334846</ulink>
</para>
</sect1>
</article>
</documentation>
<!-- ======================================== ENVIRONMENT COMPONENT ============================================= -->
<component name="environment">
<variable units="second" public_interface="out" private_interface="none" name="time"/>
</component>
<!-- ======================================== VOLUME RECEPTORS TOP-LEVEL COMPONENT ============================================= -->
<component cmeta:id="volume_receptors" name="volume_receptors">
<variable units="second" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="time"/>
<!-- Inputs from components in other models -->
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="none" private_interface="out" name="PRA" initial_value="0.00852183"/>
</component>
<!-- INPUT CONNECTIONS -->
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="volume_receptors"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<!-- ======================================== EFFECT OF PRESSURE ON VOLUME RECEPTORS ============================================= -->
<component cmeta:id="effect_of_pressure_on_volume_receptors" name="effect_of_pressure_on_volume_receptors">
<!-- Inputs from other components -->
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="in" private_interface="none" name="PRA"/>
<!-- Outputs to other components -->
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" private_interface="none" name="AHZ"/>
<!-- Parameters from parameter_file -->
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="in" private_interface="none" name="AH10"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="in" private_interface="none" name="AH9"/>
<!-- Internal variables -->
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="none" private_interface="none" name="AHZ1"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
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<ci>AH9</ci>
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<ci>AHZ</ci>
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<!-- INPUT CONNECTIONS -->
<connection>
<map_components component_2="volume_receptors" component_1="effect_of_pressure_on_volume_receptors"/>
<map_variables variable_2="PRA" variable_1="PRA"/>
</connection>
<!-- PARAMETER CONNECTIONS -->
<connection>
<map_components component_2="parameter_values" component_1="effect_of_pressure_on_volume_receptors"/>
<map_variables variable_2="AH9" variable_1="AH9"/>
<map_variables variable_2="AH10" variable_1="AH10"/>
</connection>
<!-- ======================================== TIME-DEPENDENT VOLUME RECEPTOR ADAPTATION ============================================= -->
<component cmeta:id="time_dependent_volume_receptor_adaptation" name="time_dependent_volume_receptor_adaptation">
<!-- Inputs from other components -->
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="in" private_interface="none" name="AHZ"/>
<variable units="second" public_interface="in" private_interface="none" name="time"/>
<!-- Outputs to other components -->
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" private_interface="none" name="AHY" initial_value="0.301963"/>
<!-- Parameters from parameter_file -->
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<ci>AHZ</ci>
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<ci>AH11</ci>
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<!-- INPUT CONNECTIONS -->
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<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
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<!-- PARAMETER CONNECTIONS -->
<connection>
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<map_variables variable_2="AH11" variable_1="AH11"/>
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<!-- ======================================== TOTAL VOLUME NERVOUS FEEDBACK ============================================= -->
<component cmeta:id="total_volume_nervous_feedback" name="total_volume_nervous_feedback">
<!-- Inputs from other components -->
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="in" private_interface="none" name="AHZ"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="in" private_interface="none" name="AHY"/>
<!-- Outputs to other components -->
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<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
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<!-- INPUT CONNECTIONS -->
<connection>
<map_components component_2="effect_of_pressure_on_volume_receptors" component_1="total_volume_nervous_feedback"/>
<map_variables variable_2="AHZ" variable_1="AHZ"/>
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<connection>
<map_components component_2="time_dependent_volume_receptor_adaptation" component_1="total_volume_nervous_feedback"/>
<map_variables variable_2="AHY" variable_1="AHY"/>
</connection>
<!-- ======================================== VOLUME EFFECT ON ARTERIES ============================================= -->
<component cmeta:id="volume_effect_on_arteries" name="volume_effect_on_arteries">
<!-- Inputs from other components -->
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="in" private_interface="none" name="AH7"/>
<!-- Outputs to other components -->
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" private_interface="none" name="ATRRFB"/>
<!-- Parameters from parameter_file -->
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="in" private_interface="none" name="ATRFBM"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply id="VR7_and_VR8">
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<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
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<!-- INPUT CONNECTIONS -->
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<map_components component_2="total_volume_nervous_feedback" component_1="volume_effect_on_arteries"/>
<map_variables variable_2="AH7" variable_1="AH7"/>
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<!-- PARAMETER CONNECTIONS -->
<connection>
<map_components component_2="parameter_values" component_1="volume_effect_on_arteries"/>
<map_variables variable_2="ATRFBM" variable_1="ATRFBM"/>
</connection>
<!-- ======================================== VOLUME EFFECT ON UNSTRESSED VENOUS VOLUME ============================================= -->
<component cmeta:id="volume_effect_on_unstressed_venous_volume" name="volume_effect_on_unstressed_venous_volume">
<!-- Inputs from other components -->
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="in" private_interface="none" name="AH7"/>
<!-- Outputs to other components -->
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" private_interface="none" name="ATRVFB"/>
<!-- Parameters from parameter_file -->
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="in" private_interface="none" name="ATRVM"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
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<apply>
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<ci>AH7</ci>
<ci>ATRVM</ci>
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<!-- INPUT CONNECTIONS -->
<connection>
<map_components component_2="total_volume_nervous_feedback" component_1="volume_effect_on_unstressed_venous_volume"/>
<map_variables variable_2="AH7" variable_1="AH7"/>
</connection>
<!-- PARAMETER CONNECTIONS -->
<connection>
<map_components component_2="parameter_values" component_1="volume_effect_on_unstressed_venous_volume"/>
<map_variables variable_2="ATRVM" variable_1="ATRVM"/>
</connection>
<!-- ============================================================ PARAMETER VALUES =============================================================== -->
<component cmeta:id="parameter_values" name="parameter_values">
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" private_interface="none" name="AH10" initial_value="0.333"/> <!-- curve fitting exponent, right atrial pres. on vol receptors [P] -->
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" private_interface="none" name="AH11" initial_value="1000"/> <!-- time constant, volume receptor adaptation [P] -->
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" private_interface="none" name="AH9" initial_value="1"/> <!-- sensitivity control of AHZ [P] -->
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" private_interface="none" name="ATRFBM" initial_value="0"/> <!-- sensitivity controller of ATRRFB -->
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" private_interface="none" name="ATRVM" initial_value="0"/> <!-- sensitivity controller of ATRVFB -->
</component>
<!-- ============================================================ GROUPING =============================================================== -->
<group>
<relationship_ref relationship="containment"/>
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<component_ref component="volume_effect_on_arteries"/>
<component_ref component="volume_effect_on_unstressed_venous_volume"/>
</component_ref>
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<relationship_ref relationship="encapsulation"/>
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<component_ref component="parameter_values"/>
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<component_ref component="time_dependent_volume_receptor_adaptation"/>
<component_ref component="total_volume_nervous_feedback"/>
<component_ref component="volume_effect_on_arteries"/>
<component_ref component="volume_effect_on_unstressed_venous_volume"/>
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