- Author:
- pmr2.import <nobody@models.cellml.org>
- Date:
- 2007-06-17 23:25:43+12:00
- Desc:
- committing version01 of jelic_cupic_kolaranic_2005
- Permanent Source URI:
- https://models.cellml.org/workspace/jelic_cupic_kolaranic_2005/rawfile/3e9814a5b7f7f0df07172b5785618d13978d3b9c/jelic_cupic_kolaranic_2005.cellml
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<!-- FILE : jelic_model_2005.xml
CREATED : 15th June 2007
LAST MODIFIED : 15th June 2007
AUTHOR : Catherine Lloyd
Bioengineering Institute
The University of Auckland
MODEL STATUS : This model conforms to the CellML 1.1 Specification.
DESCRIPTION : This file contains a CellML description of Jelic et al.'s 2005 hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis model.
CHANGES:
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<title>A Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal System Model</title>
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<firstname>Catherine</firstname>
<surname>Lloyd</surname>
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<shortaffil>Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland</shortaffil>
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<sect1 id="sec_structure">
<title>Model Structure</title>
<para>
The hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis represents a neuroendocrine system which plays an essential role in maintaining body homeostasis in response to stress. These stresses can be physical (e.g. infection) or psychological (e.g. fear), and both activate the hypothalamus to secrete corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH). In turn, the presence of CRH in the circulation stimulates the pituitary to release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) into the blood, where it travels to the adrenal glands and induces the secretion of cortisol from the adrenal cortex. Cortisol has a negative feedback effect on the hypothalamus and pituitary such that the secretion of CRH and ACTH are inhibited.
</para>
<para>
The HPA system operates as a complex feedforward and feedback control system. There are three main pathways of activation for this system:
</para>
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<para>The internal biological clock, the hypothalamic supraiasmatic nucleus (SCN) with circadian oscillations in hormone levels;</para>
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<para>Ultradian oscillations due to pulsatile patterns of HPA system hormone secretion and negative feedback loops; and</para>
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<listitem>
<para>Stressful events (as described above) can also activate the HPA system and additional cortisol secretion occurs on top of the circadian and ultradian hormone oscillations.</para>
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<para>
Direct experimental assessment of complex biological systems is generally very difficult, and our understanding of these systems has been improved by the development of mathematical models. Several mathematical models describing the HPA system have been published (most recently by Gupta <emphasis>et al.</emphasis> (2007), and this model can be found in the CellML model repository along with other HPA models). The mathematical model described here in CellML (see figure below) is a four-dimensional non-linear differential equation model which can be used to analyse plasma cortisol levels in humans.
</para>
<para>
The complete original paper reference is cited below:
</para>
<para>
<ulink url="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VHX-4GX6JC6-2&_user=140507&_coverDate=10%2F31%2F2005&_rdoc=1&_fmt=summary&_orig=search&_cdi=6078&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000011498&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=140507&md5=292366e937510bdf1c826c093948c4dc">Mathematical modeling of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system activity.</ulink>, Smiljana Jelic, Zeljko Cupic, and Ljiljana Kolar-Anic, 2005, <ulink url="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00255564">
<emphasis>Mathematical Biosciences</emphasis>
</ulink>, 197, pp173-187. (<ulink url="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VHX-4GX6JC6-2&_user=140507&_coverDate=10%2F31%2F2005&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000011498&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=140507&md5=1d7a779b66f812b3f880b671b390b6e6">Full text (HTML)</ulink> and PDF versions of the article are available on the <emphasis>Mathematical Biosciences</emphasis> website.) <ulink url="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=16112688&query_hl=1&itool=pubmed_docsum">PubMed ID: 16112688</ulink>
</para>
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<caption>A schematic diagram of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system. Corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) and arginin-vasopressin (AVP) stimulate adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) secretion from the pituitary, followed by cortisol secretion from the adrenal cortex. GR represents a glucocorticoid receptor and MR denotes a mineralocorticoid receptor. + represents a postive feedback loop while - represents a negative feedback loop.</caption>
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