- Author:
- pmr2.import <nobody@models.cellml.org>
- Date:
- 2008-02-21 03:39:20+13:00
- Desc:
- committing version05 of luo_rudy_1991
- Permanent Source URI:
- https://models.cellml.org/workspace/luo_rudy_1991/rawfile/48fac1ca3ab3ff5b10c9b52098d00c5f342ebed4/luo_rudy_1991.cellml
<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
<!--
This CellML file was generated on 06/11/2007 at 17:08:44 using:
COR (0.9.31.807)
Copyright 2002-2007 Dr Alan Garny
http://COR.physiol.ox.ac.uk/ - COR@physiol.ox.ac.uk
CellML 1.0 was used to generate this cellular model
http://www.CellML.org/
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<documentation xmlns="http://cellml.org/tmp-documentation">
<article>
<articleinfo>
<title>Luo-Rudy Mammalian Ventricular Model I 1991</title>
<author>
<firstname>Catherine</firstname>
<surname>Lloyd</surname>
<affiliation>
<shortaffil>Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland</shortaffil>
</affiliation>
</author>
</articleinfo>
<section id="sec_status">
<title>Model Status</title>
<para>
This model has been curated and unit checked and is known to replicate the published results in PCEnv and COR. A PCEnv session is also available for this model.
</para>
</section>
<sect1 id="sec_structure">
<title>Model Structure</title>
<para>
In 1991, Ching-hsing Luo and Yoram Rudy published a mathematical model of the ventricular cardiac action potential. This original model is the first of the two Luo-Rudy models, and it has subsequently come to be known as the Luo-Rudy I model. It is a significant update of the Beeler-Reuter mammalian ventricular model (1977) (see the figure below), and like the the Beeler-Reuter model, the Luo-Rudy I model uses Hodgkin-Huxley type equations to calculate ionic currents.
</para>
<para>
The complete original paper reference is cited below:
</para>
<para>
<ulink url="http://circres.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/68/6/1501">A Model of the Ventricular Cardiac Action Potential - Depolarisation, Repolarisation and Their Interaction</ulink>, Ching-hsing Luo and Yoram Rudy, 1991 <ulink url="http://circres.ahajournals.org/">
<emphasis>Circulation Research</emphasis>
</ulink>, 68, 1501-1526. <ulink url="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1709839&dopt=Abstract">PubMed ID: 1709839</ulink>
</para>
<informalfigure float="0" id="fig_cell_diagram">
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
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<title>cell diagram of the LR-I model showing ionic currents, pumps and exchangers within the sarcolemma</title>
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<imagedata fileref="luo_rudy_i_1991.png"/>
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<caption>A schematic diagram describing the current flows across the cell membrane that are captured in the LR-I model.</caption>
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<caption>The network defined in the CellML description of the Luo-Rudy I model. A key describing the significance of the shapes of the components and the colours of the connections between them is in the <ulink url="${HTML_EXMPL_GRAPHICAL_NOTATION}">notation guide</ulink>.</caption>
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The membrane physically contains the currents, as indicated by the blue arrows in <xref linkend="fig_cellml_rendering"/>. The currents act independently and are not connected to each other. Four of the channels encapsulate <emphasis>and</emphasis> contain further components which represent activation and inactivation gates. The addition of an encapsulation relationship informs modellers and processing software that the gates are important parts of the current model. It also prevents any other components that aren't also encapsulated by the parent component from connecting to its gates, effectively hiding them from the rest of the model.
</para>
<para>
The breakdown of the model into components and the definition of encapsulation and containment relationships between them is somewhat arbitrary. When considering how a model should be broken into components, modellers are encouraged to consider which parts of a model might be re-used and how the physiological elements of the system being modelled are naturally bounded. Containment relationships should be used to provide simple rendering information for processing software (ideally, this will correspond to the layout of the physical system), and encapsulation should be used to group sets of components into sub-models.
</para>
</sect1>
</article>
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</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>beta_d</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millisecond">0.07</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.017</cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">44</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.05</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">44</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>d</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>alpha_d</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<ci>d</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>beta_d</ci>
<ci>d</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="slow_inward_current_f_gate">
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="f" initial_value="0.99427859"/>
<variable units="per_millisecond" name="alpha_f"/>
<variable units="per_millisecond" name="beta_f"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>alpha_f</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millisecond">0.012</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.008</cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">28</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.15</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">28</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>beta_f</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millisecond">0.0065</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.02</cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">30</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.2</cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">30</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>f</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>alpha_f</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<ci>f</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>beta_f</ci>
<ci>f</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="time_dependent_potassium_current">
<variable units="microA_per_cm2" public_interface="out" name="i_K"/>
<variable units="milliS_per_cm2" name="g_K"/>
<variable units="millivolt" name="E_K"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="PR_NaK" initial_value="0.01833"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="time"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="V"/>
<variable units="joule_per_kilomole_kelvin" public_interface="in" name="R"/>
<variable units="kelvin" public_interface="in" name="T"/>
<variable units="coulomb_per_mole" public_interface="in" name="F"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Ko"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Ki"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Nao"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Nai"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" private_interface="in" name="X"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" private_interface="in" name="Xi"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>g_K</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="milliS_per_cm2">0.282</cn>
<apply>
<root/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>Ko</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millimolar">5.4</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>E_K</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>R</ci>
<ci>T</ci>
</apply>
<ci>F</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<ln/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>Ko</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>PR_NaK</ci>
<ci>Nao</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>Ki</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>PR_NaK</ci>
<ci>Nai</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_K</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>g_K</ci>
<ci>X</ci>
<ci>Xi</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<ci>E_K</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="time_dependent_potassium_current_X_gate">
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="X" initial_value="0.16647703"/>
<variable units="per_millisecond" name="alpha_X"/>
<variable units="per_millisecond" name="beta_X"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>alpha_X</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millisecond">0.0005</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.083</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">50</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.057</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">50</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>beta_X</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millisecond">0.0013</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.06</cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">20</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.04</cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">20</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>X</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>alpha_X</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<ci>X</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>beta_X</ci>
<ci>X</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="time_dependent_potassium_current_Xi_gate">
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="Xi"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>Xi</ci>
<piecewise>
<piece>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">2.837</cn>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.04</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">77</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">77</cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.04</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">35</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<gt/>
<ci>V</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">100</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</piece>
<otherwise>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
</otherwise>
</piecewise>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="time_independent_potassium_current">
<variable units="microA_per_cm2" public_interface="out" name="i_K1"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="out" private_interface="out" name="E_K1"/>
<variable units="milliS_per_cm2" name="g_K1"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="V"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Ko"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Ki"/>
<variable units="joule_per_kilomole_kelvin" public_interface="in" name="R"/>
<variable units="kelvin" public_interface="in" name="T"/>
<variable units="coulomb_per_mole" public_interface="in" name="F"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" private_interface="in" name="K1_infinity"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>g_K1</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="milliS_per_cm2">0.6047</cn>
<apply>
<root/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>Ko</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millimolar">5.4</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>E_K1</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>R</ci>
<ci>T</ci>
</apply>
<ci>F</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<ln/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>Ko</ci>
<ci>Ki</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_K1</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>g_K1</ci>
<ci>K1_infinity</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<ci>E_K1</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="time_independent_potassium_current_K1_gate">
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="K1_infinity"/>
<variable units="per_millisecond" name="alpha_K1"/>
<variable units="per_millisecond" name="beta_K1"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="E_K1"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>alpha_K1</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millisecond">1.02</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.2385</cn>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<ci>E_K1</ci>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">59.215</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>beta_K1</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millisecond">0.49124</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.08032</cn>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">5.476</cn>
</apply>
<ci>E_K1</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millisecond">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.06175</cn>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>E_K1</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">594.31</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.5143</cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<ci>E_K1</ci>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">4.753</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>K1_infinity</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>alpha_K1</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>alpha_K1</ci>
<ci>beta_K1</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="plateau_potassium_current">
<variable units="microA_per_cm2" public_interface="out" name="i_Kp"/>
<variable units="millivolt" name="E_Kp"/>
<variable units="milliS_per_cm2" name="g_Kp" initial_value="0.0183"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="Kp"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="E_K1"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>E_Kp</ci>
<ci>E_K1</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>Kp</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">7.488</cn>
<ci>V</ci>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">5.98</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_Kp</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>g_Kp</ci>
<ci>Kp</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<ci>E_Kp</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="background_current">
<variable units="microA_per_cm2" public_interface="out" name="i_b"/>
<variable units="millivolt" name="E_b" initial_value="-59.87"/>
<variable units="milliS_per_cm2" name="g_b" initial_value="0.03921"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_b</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>g_b</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<ci>E_b</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="ionic_concentrations">
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="out" name="Nao" initial_value="140"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="out" name="Nai" initial_value="18"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="out" name="Ki" initial_value="145"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="out" name="Ko" initial_value="5.4"/>
</component>
<component name="intracellular_calcium_concentration">
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="out" name="Cai" initial_value="0.0002"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<variable units="microA_per_cm2" public_interface="in" name="i_si"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>Cai</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="per_1000_centimetre">0.0001</cn>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="coulomb_per_mole">1</cn>
</apply>
<ci>i_si</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millisecond">0.07</cn>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="millimolar">0.0001</cn>
<ci>Cai</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<group>
<relationship_ref relationship="containment"/>
<component_ref component="membrane">
<component_ref component="fast_sodium_current">
<component_ref component="fast_sodium_current_m_gate"/>
<component_ref component="fast_sodium_current_h_gate"/>
<component_ref component="fast_sodium_current_j_gate"/>
</component_ref>
<component_ref component="slow_inward_current">
<component_ref component="slow_inward_current_d_gate"/>
<component_ref component="slow_inward_current_f_gate"/>
</component_ref>
<component_ref component="time_dependent_potassium_current">
<component_ref component="time_dependent_potassium_current_X_gate"/>
<component_ref component="time_dependent_potassium_current_Xi_gate"/>
</component_ref>
<component_ref component="time_independent_potassium_current">
<component_ref component="time_independent_potassium_current_K1_gate"/>
</component_ref>
<component_ref component="plateau_potassium_current"/>
<component_ref component="background_current"/>
<component_ref component="ionic_concentrations"/>
<component_ref component="intracellular_calcium_concentration"/>
</component_ref>
</group>
<group>
<relationship_ref relationship="encapsulation"/>
<component_ref component="fast_sodium_current">
<component_ref component="fast_sodium_current_m_gate"/>
<component_ref component="fast_sodium_current_h_gate"/>
<component_ref component="fast_sodium_current_j_gate"/>
</component_ref>
<component_ref component="slow_inward_current">
<component_ref component="slow_inward_current_d_gate"/>
<component_ref component="slow_inward_current_f_gate"/>
</component_ref>
<component_ref component="time_dependent_potassium_current">
<component_ref component="time_dependent_potassium_current_X_gate"/>
<component_ref component="time_dependent_potassium_current_Xi_gate"/>
</component_ref>
<component_ref component="time_independent_potassium_current">
<component_ref component="time_independent_potassium_current_K1_gate"/>
</component_ref>
</group>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="membrane"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="fast_sodium_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="slow_inward_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="time_dependent_potassium_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="intracellular_calcium_concentration"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="fast_sodium_current" component_1="membrane"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_Na" variable_1="i_Na"/>
<map_variables variable_2="R" variable_1="R"/>
<map_variables variable_2="T" variable_1="T"/>
<map_variables variable_2="F" variable_1="F"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="slow_inward_current" component_1="membrane"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_si" variable_1="i_si"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="time_dependent_potassium_current" component_1="membrane"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_K" variable_1="i_K"/>
<map_variables variable_2="R" variable_1="R"/>
<map_variables variable_2="T" variable_1="T"/>
<map_variables variable_2="F" variable_1="F"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="time_independent_potassium_current" component_1="membrane"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_K1" variable_1="i_K1"/>
<map_variables variable_2="R" variable_1="R"/>
<map_variables variable_2="T" variable_1="T"/>
<map_variables variable_2="F" variable_1="F"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="plateau_potassium_current" component_1="membrane"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_Kp" variable_1="i_Kp"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="background_current" component_1="membrane"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
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