- Author:
- Geoff Nunns <gnunns1@jhu.edu>
- Date:
- 2010-05-14 11:58:48+12:00
- Desc:
- Edited model status.
- Permanent Source URI:
- https://models.cellml.org/workspace/yang_clark_bryan_robertson_2003/rawfile/9f2195508de519d3b617eccb3e2d34d7b2699666/yang_clark_bryan_robertson_2003.cellml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!--
This CellML file was generated on 4/05/2010 at 3:12:32 at p.m. using:
COR (0.9.31.1371)
Copyright 2002-2010 Dr Alan Garny
http://cor.physiol.ox.ac.uk/ - cor@physiol.ox.ac.uk
CellML 1.0 was used to generate this model
http://www.cellml.org/
-->
<model xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:bqs="http://www.cellml.org/bqs/1.0#" xmlns:dcterms="http://purl.org/dc/terms/" xmlns:vCard="http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#" name="yang_clark_bryan_robertson_2003_version01" cmeta:id="yang_clark_bryan_robertson_2003_version01" xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" xmlns:cmeta="http://www.cellml.org/metadata/1.0#">
<documentation xmlns="http://cellml.org/tmp-documentation">
<article>
<articleinfo>
<title>The myogenic response in isolated rat cerebrovascular arteries: a smooth muscle cell model</title>
<author>
<firstname>Catherine</firstname>
<surname>Lloyd</surname>
<affiliation>
<shortaffil>Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland</shortaffil>
</affiliation>
</author>
</articleinfo>
<section id="sec_status">
<title>Model Status</title>
<para>
This model does not run in OpenCell or COR due to missing parameter values.
</para>
</section>
<sect1 id="sec_structure">
<title>Model Structure</title>
<para>
Contraction in vascular smooth muscle cells can be triggered by mechanical, electrical and chemical stimuli. Several different signal transduction pathways can initiate the contraction, but they all share the common intermediate step of increasing the intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca<superscript>2+</superscript>]<subscript>i</subscript>). This increase is either due to a Ca<superscript>2+</superscript> influx through voltage-gated sarcolemmal Ca<superscript>2+</superscript> channels, or a Ca<superscript>2+</superscript> release from internal sarcoplasmic reticulum stores. In the cytosol, Ca<superscript>2+</superscript> binds to the buffer calmodulin, and the resulting complex (CaCM) activates myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), which in turn phosphorylates myosin light chains in the presence of ATP. This leads to cross-bridge formation and cycling between the myosin heads and the binding sites on the actin filaments, generating the active force needed for muscle contraction. Actin filaments are coupled to the sarcolemma via a viscoelastic system, resulting in changes in cell length. These macroscopic contractile properties of the cell are measured in terms of length-force and force-velocity relationships.
</para>
<para>
Several mathematical models of cerebrovascular smooth muscle cell function have been previously published; however, each of these has dealt with a single particular aspect of smooth muscle activity: electrophysiology; cytosolic calcium regulation; myosin phosphorylation; and mechanical behaviour have all been considered separately. In this study, Yang <emphasis>et al.</emphasis> combine electrophysiological, biochemical and mechanical experimental data and develop an integrated model of smooth muscle cell function (see the figure below).
</para>
<para>
The electrochemical model combines a Hodgkin-Huxley type membrane model which captures ionic membrane currents and transmembrane potential, together with a fluid compartment model which describes ionic fluxes, Ca<superscript>2+</superscript> buffering and Ca<superscript>2+</superscript> handling by the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
</para>
<para>
The second subsystem model is a chemomechanical model with two coupled units: a model of CaCM-dependent myosin phosphorylation and attached cross-bridge kinetics, and a mechanical model of force generation and mechanical coupling within the cell. A multiple-state kinetic model of myosin phosphorylation represents cross-bridge attachment, and a mechanical model describes active force generation by the contractile actin and myosin filaments and the viscoelastic properties of their coupling to the cell membrane.
</para>
<para>
The complete original paper reference is cited below:
</para>
<para>
The myogenic response in isolated rat cerebrovascular arteries: smooth muscle cell model, Jin Yang, John W. Clark Jr., Robert M. Bryan, and Claudia Robertson, 2003, <emphasis>Medical Engineering and Physics</emphasis>, 25, 691-709. <ulink url="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12900184&dopt=Abstract">PubMed ID: 12900184</ulink>
</para>
<informalfigure float="0" id="fig_cell_diagram">
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<objectinfo>
<title>cell diagram</title>
</objectinfo>
<imagedata fileref="yang_2003.png"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
<caption>Schematic diagrams of: A) the electrochemical model; B) the multi-state kinetic model of CaCM dependent myosin phosphorylation and cross-bridge formation; and C) functional block diagram of the whole integrated smooth muscle cell model.</caption>
</informalfigure>
</sect1>
</article>
</documentation>
<rdf:RDF>
<rdf:Bag rdf:about="rdf:#03de0128-eaeb-42ec-9991-b27335347217">
<rdf:li>signal transduction</rdf:li>
<rdf:li>rat</rdf:li>
<rdf:li>myogenesis</rdf:li>
<rdf:li>calcium dynamics</rdf:li>
<rdf:li>electrophysiology</rdf:li>
<rdf:li>cerebral arteries</rdf:li>
<rdf:li>Smooth Muscle Cell</rdf:li>
<rdf:li>smooth muscle</rdf:li>
</rdf:Bag>
<rdf:Seq rdf:about="rdf:#646c3b62-d324-408d-8a8a-9a6fef4e7110">
<rdf:li rdf:resource="rdf:#87e7425b-bf8d-4652-a94c-2a1529e07d17"/>
<rdf:li rdf:resource="rdf:#a2535441-d749-471a-9dc8-0bebb92d5276"/>
<rdf:li rdf:resource="rdf:#74b04061-edb1-477c-97dd-c86483fa1aff"/>
<rdf:li rdf:resource="rdf:#2e36de90-98ac-4027-9a20-463ac8083e06"/>
</rdf:Seq>
<rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#87e7425b-bf8d-4652-a94c-2a1529e07d17">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.cellml.org/bqs/1.0#Person"/>
<vCard:N rdf:resource="rdf:#1ead143d-5cec-4fcb-9ff6-1144a8963a63"/>
</rdf:Description>
<rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#d9c7c9ab-f147-424b-abbc-680357c75c86">
<bqs:Pubmed_id>11709436</bqs:Pubmed_id>
<bqs:JournalArticle rdf:resource="rdf:#04fbb959-e6da-43ec-91fe-f62302cd78e5"/>
</rdf:Description>
<rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#b81d213f-58ab-4777-9a62-b976428c1c59">
<dcterms:W3CDTF>2003-09-09</dcterms:W3CDTF>
</rdf:Description>
<rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#7699d422-71e8-4062-8731-48bdb5bb20fd">
<vCard:FN>Catherine Lloyd</vCard:FN>
</rdf:Description>
<rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#3be7fb2b-8919-4082-8b76-017fe0220bc0">
<vCard:Suffix>Jr.</vCard:Suffix>
<vCard:Given>John</vCard:Given>
<vCard:Family>Clark</vCard:Family>
<vCard:Other>W</vCard:Other>
</rdf:Description>
<rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#1ead143d-5cec-4fcb-9ff6-1144a8963a63">
<vCard:Given>Jin</vCard:Given>
<vCard:Family>Yang</vCard:Family>
</rdf:Description>
<rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#2e36de90-98ac-4027-9a20-463ac8083e06">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.cellml.org/bqs/1.0#Person"/>
<vCard:N rdf:resource="rdf:#789451e9-0c83-417b-beb4-2034492d1c08"/>
</rdf:Description>
<rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#0fc6dca4-2c66-4d67-bbc1-650c3eb0eef9">
<dcterms:W3CDTF>2003-10</dcterms:W3CDTF>
</rdf:Description>
<rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#9699c943-6d69-4ac6-9ec5-e287f54d0da7">
<vCard:Given>Catherine</vCard:Given>
<vCard:Family>Lloyd</vCard:Family>
<vCard:Other>May</vCard:Other>
</rdf:Description>
<rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#1c934539-165b-41ea-aa2d-e1531afa7f1c">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://imc.org/vCard/3.0#internet"/>
<rdf:value>c.lloyd@auckland.ac.nz</rdf:value>
</rdf:Description>
<rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#6ebdb9d0-2fc2-45a6-b8cc-3c70f321f816">
<dc:creator rdf:resource="rdf:#7699d422-71e8-4062-8731-48bdb5bb20fd"/>
<rdf:value>
This is the CellML description of Yang et al's 2003 model of the
myogenic response in a smooth muscle cell.
</rdf:value>
</rdf:Description>
<rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#04fbb959-e6da-43ec-91fe-f62302cd78e5">
<dc:creator rdf:resource="rdf:#646c3b62-d324-408d-8a8a-9a6fef4e7110"/>
<dc:title>
The myogenic response in isolated rat cerebrovascular arteries:
smooth muscle cell model
</dc:title>
<bqs:volume>25</bqs:volume>
<bqs:first_page>691</bqs:first_page>
<bqs:Journal rdf:resource="rdf:#b5c5c6f1-877e-4f22-90ac-6c894d9e7f2b"/>
<dcterms:issued rdf:resource="rdf:#0fc6dca4-2c66-4d67-bbc1-650c3eb0eef9"/>
<bqs:last_page>709</bqs:last_page>
</rdf:Description>
<rdf:Description rdf:about="#yang_clark_bryan_robertson_2003_version01">
<dc:title>
Yang et al's 2003 model of the myogenic response in a smooth muscle
cell.
</dc:title>
<cmeta:bio_entity xmlns:cmeta="http://www.cellml.org/metadata/1.0#">Smooth Muscle Cell</cmeta:bio_entity>
<cmeta:comment xmlns:cmeta="http://www.cellml.org/metadata/1.0#" rdf:resource="rdf:#6ebdb9d0-2fc2-45a6-b8cc-3c70f321f816"/>
<bqs:reference rdf:resource="rdf:#d9c7c9ab-f147-424b-abbc-680357c75c86"/>
<bqs:reference rdf:resource="rdf:#f3aa316d-04c4-4cae-b210-a087a6fd38de"/>
<cmeta:species xmlns:cmeta="http://www.cellml.org/metadata/1.0#">Rat</cmeta:species>
</rdf:Description>
<rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#f3aa316d-04c4-4cae-b210-a087a6fd38de">
<dc:subject rdf:resource="rdf:#be1edc5b-61b8-464e-8060-1330083bc6af"/>
</rdf:Description>
<rdf:Description rdf:about="">
<dc:publisher>
The University of Auckland, Bioengineering Institute
</dc:publisher>
<dcterms:created rdf:resource="rdf:#b81d213f-58ab-4777-9a62-b976428c1c59"/>
<dc:creator rdf:resource="rdf:#0a390bbb-3bbb-4446-8fc1-b45d04670f30"/>
</rdf:Description>
<rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#789451e9-0c83-417b-beb4-2034492d1c08">
<vCard:Given>Claudia</vCard:Given>
<vCard:Family>Robertson</vCard:Family>
</rdf:Description>
<rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#74b04061-edb1-477c-97dd-c86483fa1aff">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.cellml.org/bqs/1.0#Person"/>
<vCard:N rdf:resource="rdf:#7de6626e-34ca-4b61-9a82-eb1a22c3947b"/>
</rdf:Description>
<rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#b5c5c6f1-877e-4f22-90ac-6c894d9e7f2b">
<dc:title>Medical Engineering and Physics</dc:title>
</rdf:Description>
<rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#be1edc5b-61b8-464e-8060-1330083bc6af">
<bqs:subject_type>keyword</bqs:subject_type>
<rdf:value rdf:resource="rdf:#03de0128-eaeb-42ec-9991-b27335347217"/>
</rdf:Description>
<rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#7de6626e-34ca-4b61-9a82-eb1a22c3947b">
<vCard:Given>Robert</vCard:Given>
<vCard:Family>Bryan</vCard:Family>
<vCard:Other>M</vCard:Other>
</rdf:Description>
<rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#a2535441-d749-471a-9dc8-0bebb92d5276">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.cellml.org/bqs/1.0#Person"/>
<vCard:N rdf:resource="rdf:#3be7fb2b-8919-4082-8b76-017fe0220bc0"/>
</rdf:Description>
<rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#543a4b62-7ded-4d13-bf33-d45b40bef8f6">
<vCard:Orgname>The University of Auckland</vCard:Orgname>
<vCard:Orgunit>The Bioengineering Institute</vCard:Orgunit>
</rdf:Description>
<rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#0a390bbb-3bbb-4446-8fc1-b45d04670f30">
<vCard:ORG rdf:resource="rdf:#543a4b62-7ded-4d13-bf33-d45b40bef8f6"/>
<vCard:EMAIL rdf:resource="rdf:#1c934539-165b-41ea-aa2d-e1531afa7f1c"/>
<vCard:N rdf:resource="rdf:#9699c943-6d69-4ac6-9ec5-e287f54d0da7"/>
</rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF> <units xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" name="mmHg" base_units="yes"/>
<units xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" name="millivolt">
<unit units="volt" prefix="milli"/>
</units>
<units xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" name="mV_per_logmM" base_units="yes"/>
<units xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" name="millisecond">
<unit units="second" prefix="milli"/>
</units>
<units xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" name="nanoS">
<unit units="siemens" prefix="nano"/>
</units>
<units xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" name="picoF">
<unit units="farad" prefix="pico"/>
</units>
<units xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" name="picoA">
<unit units="ampere" prefix="pico"/>
</units>
<units xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" name="millimolar">
<unit units="mole" prefix="milli"/>
<unit units="litre" exponent="-1"/>
</units>
<units xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" name="nanomolar">
<unit units="mole" prefix="nano"/>
<unit units="litre" exponent="-1"/>
</units>
<units xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" name="micrometre">
<unit units="metre" prefix="micro"/>
</units>
<units xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" name="micrometre_per_ms">
<unit units="metre" prefix="micro"/>
<unit units="millisecond" exponent="-1"/>
</units>
<units xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" name="micromolar">
<unit units="mole" prefix="micro"/>
<unit units="litre" exponent="-1"/>
</units>
<units xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" name="microN">
<unit units="newton" prefix="micro"/>
</units>
<units xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" name="microN_per_micrometre">
<unit units="newton" prefix="micro"/>
<unit units="metre" prefix="micro" exponent="-1"/>
</units>
<units xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" name="microN_ms_per_micrometre">
<unit units="newton" prefix="micro"/>
<unit units="millisecond"/>
<unit units="metre" prefix="micro" exponent="-1"/>
</units>
<units xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" name="first_order_rate_constant">
<unit units="millisecond" exponent="-1"/>
</units>
<units xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" name="second_order_rate_constant">
<unit units="millimolar"/>
<unit units="millisecond" exponent="-1"/>
</units>
<units xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" name="third_order_rate_constant">
<unit units="millimolar" exponent="-2"/>
<unit units="millisecond" exponent="-1"/>
</units>
<units xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" name="millijoule_per_mole_kelvin">
<unit units="joule" prefix="milli"/>
<unit units="mole" exponent="-1"/>
<unit units="kelvin" exponent="-1"/>
</units>
<units xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" name="joule_per_kilomole_kelvin">
<unit units="joule"/>
<unit units="mole" prefix="kilo" exponent="-1"/>
<unit units="kelvin" exponent="-1"/>
</units>
<units xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" name="coulomb_per_mole">
<unit units="coulomb"/>
<unit units="mole" exponent="-1"/>
</units>
<units xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" name="cm2">
<unit units="metre" prefix="centi" exponent="2"/>
</units>
<units xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" name="picol">
<unit units="litre" prefix="pico"/>
</units>
<component xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" name="environment">
<variable name="time" units="millisecond" public_interface="out"/>
</component>
<component xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" name="membrane">
<variable name="V" units="millivolt" initial_value="-56.1257" public_interface="out"/>
<variable name="R" units="millijoule_per_mole_kelvin" initial_value="8314" public_interface="out"/>
<variable name="T" units="kelvin" initial_value="293" public_interface="out"/>
<variable name="F" units="coulomb_per_mole" initial_value="96487" public_interface="out"/>
<variable name="Cm" units="picoF"/>
<variable name="time" units="millisecond" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="i_Ca_L" units="picoA" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="i_K" units="picoA" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="i_K_Ca" units="picoA" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="i_Ki" units="picoA" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="i_M" units="picoA" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="i_NaCa" units="picoA" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="i_NaK" units="picoA" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="i_CaP" units="picoA" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="i_B" units="picoA" public_interface="in"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>V</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
</apply>
<ci>Cm</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>i_Ca_L</ci>
<ci>i_K</ci>
<ci>i_K_Ca</ci>
<ci>i_Ki</ci>
<ci>i_M</ci>
<ci>i_NaCa</ci>
<ci>i_NaK</ci>
<ci>i_CaP</ci>
<ci>i_B</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" name="L_type_calcium_current">
<variable name="i_Ca_L" units="picoA" public_interface="out"/>
<variable name="E_Ca_L" units="millivolt"/>
<variable name="g_Ca_L" units="nanoS" initial_value="1.4151"/>
<variable name="Ca_i" units="millimolar" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="Ca_o" units="millimolar" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="R" units="millijoule_per_mole_kelvin" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="F" units="coulomb_per_mole" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="T" units="kelvin" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="time" units="millisecond" public_interface="in" private_interface="out"/>
<variable name="V" units="millivolt" public_interface="in" private_interface="out"/>
<variable name="d" units="dimensionless" private_interface="in"/>
<variable name="f" units="dimensionless" private_interface="in"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_Ca_L</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>g_Ca_L</ci>
<ci>d</ci>
<ci>f</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<ci>E_Ca_L</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>E_Ca_L</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>R</ci>
<ci>T</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
<ci>F</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<ln/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>Ca_o</ci>
<ci>Ca_i</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" name="L_type_calcium_current_d_gate">
<variable name="d" units="dimensionless" initial_value="0.00046" public_interface="out"/>
<variable name="d_infinity" units="dimensionless"/>
<variable name="tau_d" units="millisecond"/>
<variable name="V" units="millivolt" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="time" units="millisecond" public_interface="in"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>d_infinity</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">1.878</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">7.5704</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>tau_d</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="millisecond">2.8928</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<power/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">8.6344</cn>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">12.3884</cn>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millisecond">2.4343</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>d</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>d_infinity</ci>
<ci>d</ci>
</apply>
<ci>tau_d</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" name="L_type_calcium_current_f_gate">
<variable name="f" units="dimensionless" public_interface="out"/>
<variable name="f_infinity" units="dimensionless"/>
<variable name="tau_ff" units="millisecond"/>
<variable name="ff" units="dimensionless" initial_value="1"/>
<variable name="V" units="millivolt" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="time" units="millisecond" public_interface="in"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>f_infinity</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">29.3188</cn>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">1.5389</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>tau_ff</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="millisecond">295.5937</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<power/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">4.7187</cn>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">112.545</cn>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millisecond">23.1907</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>ff</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>f_infinity</ci>
<ci>ff</ci>
</apply>
<ci>tau_ff</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>f</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.74</cn>
<ci>ff</ci>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.26</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" name="calcium_activated_potassium_current">
<variable name="i_K_Ca" units="picoA" public_interface="out"/>
<variable name="E_K" units="millivolt" public_interface="out"/>
<variable name="g_K_Ca" units="nanoS" initial_value="0.5"/>
<variable name="Ca_i" units="millimolar" public_interface="in" private_interface="out"/>
<variable name="K_i" units="millimolar" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="K_o" units="millimolar" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="R" units="millijoule_per_mole_kelvin" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="F" units="coulomb_per_mole" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="T" units="kelvin" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="time" units="millisecond" public_interface="in" private_interface="out"/>
<variable name="V" units="millivolt" public_interface="in" private_interface="out"/>
<variable name="P_K_Ca" units="dimensionless" private_interface="in"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_K_Ca</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>g_K_Ca</ci>
<ci>P_K_Ca</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<ci>E_K</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>E_K</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>R</ci>
<ci>T</ci>
</apply>
<ci>F</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<ln/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>K_o</ci>
<ci>K_i</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" name="calcium_activated_potassium_current_P_K_Ca_gate">
<variable name="P_K_Ca" units="dimensionless" public_interface="out"/>
<variable name="Ps" units="dimensionless" initial_value="0.00032"/>
<variable name="Pf" units="dimensionless" initial_value="0.00032"/>
<variable name="Ps_infinity" units="dimensionless"/>
<variable name="Pf_infinity" units="dimensionless"/>
<variable name="Po_infinity" units="dimensionless"/>
<variable name="tau_Ps" units="millisecond" initial_value="11.5"/>
<variable name="tau_Pf" units="millisecond" initial_value="0.5"/>
<variable name="V_1_2_K_Ca" units="millivolt" initial_value="20.5"/>
<variable name="Ca_i" units="millimolar" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="V" units="millivolt" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="time" units="millisecond" public_interface="in"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>Po_infinity</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<ci>V_1_2_K_Ca</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">21.7</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>V_1_2_K_Ca</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">45</cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<log/>
<ci>Ca_i</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">198.55</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>Pf_infinity</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>Ps_infinity</ci>
<ci>Po_infinity</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>Pf</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>Pf_infinity</ci>
<ci>Pf</ci>
</apply>
<ci>tau_Pf</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>Ps</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>Ps_infinity</ci>
<ci>Ps</ci>
</apply>
<ci>tau_Ps</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>P_K_Ca</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.65</cn>
<ci>Pf</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.35</cn>
<ci>Ps</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" name="delayed_rectifier_current">
<variable name="i_K" units="picoA" public_interface="out"/>
<variable name="g_K" units="nanoS" initial_value="9.8325"/>
<variable name="E_K" units="millivolt" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="time" units="millisecond" public_interface="in" private_interface="out"/>
<variable name="V" units="millivolt" public_interface="in" private_interface="out"/>
<variable name="Pk" units="dimensionless" private_interface="in"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_K</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>g_K</ci>
<apply>
<power/>
<ci>Pk</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<ci>E_K</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" name="delayed_rectifier_current_Pk_gate">
<variable name="Pk" units="dimensionless" public_interface="out"/>
<variable name="P1" units="dimensionless" initial_value="0.0159"/>
<variable name="P2" units="dimensionless" initial_value="0.0159"/>
<variable name="Pk_infinity" units="dimensionless"/>
<variable name="tau_P1" units="millisecond"/>
<variable name="tau_P2" units="millisecond"/>
<variable name="V_1_2" units="millivolt" initial_value="-1.77"/>
<variable name="k" units="dimensionless" initial_value="14.52"/>
<variable name="V" units="millivolt" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="time" units="millisecond" public_interface="in"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>Pk_infinity</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<ci>V_1_2</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<ci>k</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>tau_P1</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="millisecond">210.9873</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<power/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">214.3355</cn>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">195.3502</cn>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millisecond">20.5866</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>tau_P2</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="millisecond">821.3949</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<power/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">31.5891</cn>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">27.4568</cn>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millisecond">0.1892</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>P2</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>Pk_infinity</ci>
<ci>P2</ci>
</apply>
<ci>tau_P2</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>P1</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>Pk_infinity</ci>
<ci>P1</ci>
</apply>
<ci>tau_P1</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>Pk</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.58</cn>
<ci>P1</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.42</cn>
<ci>P2</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" name="stretch_sensitive_current">
<variable name="i_M" units="picoA" public_interface="out"/>
<variable name="i_M_K" units="picoA" public_interface="out"/>
<variable name="i_M_Na" units="picoA" public_interface="out"/>
<variable name="i_M_Ca" units="picoA" public_interface="out"/>
<variable name="Am" units="cm2" initial_value="1.3863e-5"/>
<variable name="Pm" units="dimensionless"/>
<variable name="P_Na" units="dimensionless" initial_value="2"/>
<variable name="P_Ca" units="dimensionless" initial_value="1"/>
<variable name="P_K" units="dimensionless" initial_value="3"/>
<variable name="sigma_1_2" units="mmHg" initial_value="204"/>
<variable name="sigma" units="dimensionless"/>
<variable name="k_sigma" units="mmHg" initial_value="2.03"/>
<variable name="E_K" units="millivolt" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="V" units="millivolt" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="R" units="joule_per_kilomole_kelvin" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="T" units="kelvin" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="F" units="coulomb_per_mole" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="Na_i" units="millimolar" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="Na_o" units="millimolar" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="K_i" units="millimolar" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="K_o" units="millimolar" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="Ca_i" units="micromolar" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="Ca_o" units="millimolar" public_interface="in"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_M</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>i_M_K</ci>
<ci>i_M_Na</ci>
<ci>i_M_Ca</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_M_K</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>Am</ci>
<ci>Pm</ci>
<apply>
<power/>
<ci>F</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
</apply>
<ci>V</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>R</ci>
<ci>T</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<ci>P_K</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>K_o</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>K_i</ci>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>F</ci>
<ci>V</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>R</ci>
<ci>T</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>F</ci>
<ci>V</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>R</ci>
<ci>T</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_M_Na</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>Am</ci>
<ci>Pm</ci>
<apply>
<power/>
<ci>F</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
</apply>
<ci>V</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>R</ci>
<ci>T</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<ci>P_Na</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>Na_o</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>Na_i</ci>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>F</ci>
<ci>V</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>R</ci>
<ci>T</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>F</ci>
<ci>V</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>R</ci>
<ci>T</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_M_Ca</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>Am</ci>
<ci>Pm</ci>
<apply>
<power/>
<ci>F</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
</apply>
<ci>V</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>R</ci>
<ci>T</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<power/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
</apply>
<ci>P_Ca</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>Ca_o</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>Ca_i</ci>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>F</ci>
<ci>V</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>R</ci>
<ci>T</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>F</ci>
<ci>V</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>R</ci>
<ci>T</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>Pm</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>sigma</ci>
<ci>sigma_1_2</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<ci>k_sigma</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" name="inward_rectifier_current">
<variable name="i_Ki" units="picoA" public_interface="out"/>
<variable name="g_max_Ki" units="nanoS"/>
<variable name="G_Ki" units="dimensionless" initial_value="0.145"/>
<variable name="V_1_2_Ki" units="millivolt" initial_value="31.5"/>
<variable name="n_Ki" units="dimensionless" initial_value="0.5"/>
<variable name="A" units="mV_per_logmM" initial_value="25.19"/>
<variable name="B" units="millivolt" initial_value="112.29"/>
<variable name="E_K" units="millivolt" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="V" units="millivolt" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="K_o" units="millimolar" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="K_i" units="millimolar" public_interface="in"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_Ki</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>g_max_Ki</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<ci>E_K</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<ci>V_1_2_Ki</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">28.89</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>g_max_Ki</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>G_Ki</ci>
<ci>K_o</ci>
<ci>n_Ki</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>V_1_2_Ki</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>A</ci>
<apply>
<log/>
<ci>K_i</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<ci>B</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" name="calcium_pump">
<variable name="i_CaP" units="picoA" public_interface="out"/>
<variable name="I_Ca_P" units="picoA"/>
<variable name="K_CaCM" units="dimensionless" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="CaCM" units="millimolar" public_interface="in"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_CaP</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>I_Ca_P</ci>
<ci>CaCM</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>CaCM</ci>
<ci>K_CaCM</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" name="sodium_potassium_pump">
<variable name="i_NaK" units="picoA" public_interface="out"/>
<variable name="I_NaK" units="picoA"/>
<variable name="Km_Nai" units="millimolar"/>
<variable name="Km_Ko" units="millimolar"/>
<variable name="V" units="millivolt" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="Na_i" units="millimolar" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="K_o" units="millimolar" public_interface="in"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_NaK</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>I_NaK</ci>
<ci>K_o</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>K_o</ci>
<ci>Km_Ko</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<power/>
<ci>Na_i</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1.5</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<power/>
<ci>Na_i</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1.5</cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<power/>
<ci>Km_Nai</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1.5</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">150</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">200</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" name="sodium_calcium_exchanger">
<variable name="i_NaCa" units="picoA" public_interface="out"/>
<variable name="g_NaCa" units="nanoS"/>
<variable name="d_NaCa" units="millimolar"/>
<variable name="phi_R" units="dimensionless"/>
<variable name="phi_F" units="dimensionless"/>
<variable name="gamma" units="dimensionless"/>
<variable name="V" units="millivolt" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="R" units="joule_per_kilomole_kelvin" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="T" units="kelvin" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="F" units="coulomb_per_mole" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="Na_i" units="millimolar" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="Na_o" units="millimolar" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="Ca_i" units="millimolar" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="Ca_o" units="millimolar" public_interface="in"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_NaCa</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>g_NaCa</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<power/>
<ci>Na_i</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">3</cn>
</apply>
<ci>Ca_o</ci>
<ci>phi_F</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<power/>
<ci>Na_o</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">3</cn>
</apply>
<ci>Ca_i</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<power/>
<ci>Na_o</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">3</cn>
</apply>
<ci>Ca_i</ci>
<ci>phi_R</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<power/>
<ci>Na_i</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">3</cn>
</apply>
<ci>Ca_o</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>phi_F</ci>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>gamma</ci>
<ci>V</ci>
<ci>F</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>R</ci>
<ci>T</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>phi_R</ci>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<ci>gamma</ci>
</apply>
<ci>V</ci>
<ci>F</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>R</ci>
<ci>T</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" name="background_currents">
<variable name="i_B" units="picoA" public_interface="out"/>
<variable name="i_B_Na" units="picoA" public_interface="out"/>
<variable name="i_B_Ca" units="picoA" public_interface="out"/>
<variable name="i_B_K" units="picoA" public_interface="out"/>
<variable name="g_Nab" units="nanoS" initial_value="0.01"/>
<variable name="g_Cab" units="nanoS" initial_value="0.012"/>
<variable name="g_Kb" units="nanoS" initial_value="0.01"/>
<variable name="E_Na" units="millivolt"/>
<variable name="E_Ca" units="millivolt"/>
<variable name="V" units="millivolt" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="R" units="joule_per_kilomole_kelvin" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="T" units="kelvin" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="F" units="coulomb_per_mole" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="E_K" units="millivolt" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="Na_i" units="millimolar" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="Na_o" units="millimolar" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="Ca_i" units="millimolar" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="Ca_o" units="millimolar" public_interface="in"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_B</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>i_B_Na</ci>
<ci>i_B_Ca</ci>
<ci>i_B_K</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_B_Na</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>g_Nab</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<ci>E_Na</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_B_Ca</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>g_Cab</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<ci>E_Ca</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_B_K</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>g_Kb</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<ci>E_K</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>E_Na</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>R</ci>
<ci>T</ci>
</apply>
<ci>F</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<ln/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>Na_o</ci>
<ci>Na_i</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>E_Ca</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>R</ci>
<ci>T</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
<ci>F</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<ln/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>Ca_o</ci>
<ci>Ca_i</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" name="extracellular_ionic_concentrations">
<variable name="Na_o" units="millimolar" initial_value="140" public_interface="out"/>
<variable name="Ca_o" units="millimolar" initial_value="2" public_interface="out"/>
<variable name="K_o" units="millimolar" initial_value="5" public_interface="out"/>
</component>
<component xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" name="intracellular_ionic_concentrations">
<variable name="Na_i" units="millimolar" initial_value="5.06" public_interface="out"/>
<variable name="Ca_i" units="nanomolar" initial_value="100.92" public_interface="out"/>
<variable name="K_i" units="millimolar" initial_value="91.03" public_interface="out"/>
<variable name="CaCM" units="millimolar" public_interface="out"/>
<variable name="S_CM_Ca" units="millimolar" initial_value="0.1"/>
<variable name="S_CM_cal" units="millimolar" initial_value="0.072"/>
<variable name="CaS_CM" units="millimolar"/>
<variable name="B_F_Ca" units="millimolar" initial_value="0.4"/>
<variable name="B_F_cal" units="millimolar" initial_value="0.336"/>
<variable name="CaB_F" units="millimolar"/>
<variable name="k1" units="second_order_rate_constant"/>
<variable name="k_1" units="first_order_rate_constant"/>
<variable name="kd" units="second_order_rate_constant"/>
<variable name="k_d" units="first_order_rate_constant"/>
<variable name="Vol_Ca" units="picol" initial_value="0.7"/>
<variable name="Vol_i" units="picol" initial_value="1"/>
<variable name="delta_S_CM_cal" units="second_order_rate_constant"/>
<variable name="delta_B_F_cal" units="second_order_rate_constant"/>
<variable name="time" units="millisecond" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="F" units="coulomb_per_mole" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="i_B_Na" units="picoA" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="i_M_Na" units="picoA" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="i_NaCa" units="picoA" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="i_NaK" units="picoA" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="i_Ca_L" units="picoA" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="i_K_Ca" units="picoA" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="i_K" units="picoA" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="i_Ki" units="picoA" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="i_B_K" units="picoA" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="i_M_K" units="picoA" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="i_CaP" units="picoA" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="i_B_Ca" units="picoA" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="i_M_Ca" units="picoA" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="i_up" units="picoA" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="i_rel" units="picoA" public_interface="in"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>Na_i</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">3</cn>
<ci>i_NaK</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">3</cn>
<ci>i_NaCa</ci>
</apply>
<ci>i_B_Na</ci>
<ci>i_M_Na</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>F</ci>
<ci>Vol_i</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>K_i</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>i_K</ci>
<ci>i_K_Ca</ci>
<ci>i_Ki</ci>
<ci>i_B_K</ci>
<ci>i_M_K</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
<ci>i_NaK</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>F</ci>
<ci>Vol_i</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>Ca_i</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>i_Ca_L</ci>
<ci>i_CaP</ci>
<ci>i_B_Ca</ci>
<ci>i_M_Ca</ci>
<ci>i_up</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
<ci>i_NaCa</ci>
</apply>
<ci>i_rel</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
<ci>F</ci>
<ci>Vol_Ca</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<ci>delta_S_CM_cal</ci>
<ci>delta_B_F_cal</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>S_CM_cal</ci>
</apply>
<ci>delta_S_CM_cal</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>delta_S_CM_cal</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>k_1</ci>
<ci>CaS_CM</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>k1</ci>
<ci>Ca_i</ci>
<ci>S_CM_cal</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>CaS_CM</ci>
<ci>CaCM</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>CaCM</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>S_CM_Ca</ci>
<ci>S_CM_cal</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>B_F_cal</ci>
</apply>
<ci>delta_B_F_cal</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>delta_B_F_cal</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>k_d</ci>
<ci>CaB_F</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>kd</ci>
<ci>Ca_i</ci>
<ci>B_F_cal</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>CaB_F</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>B_F_Ca</ci>
<ci>B_F_cal</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" name="calcium_fluxes_in_the_SR">
<variable name="i_rel" units="picoA" public_interface="out"/>
<variable name="i_up" units="picoA" public_interface="out"/>
<variable name="Ca_up" units="millimolar" initial_value="0.5687"/>
<variable name="i_tr" units="picoA"/>
<variable name="I_up" units="picoA" initial_value="200"/>
<variable name="tau_rel" units="millisecond" initial_value="0.0333"/>
<variable name="tau_tr" units="millisecond" initial_value="1000"/>
<variable name="Ca_u" units="millimolar"/>
<variable name="Ca_r" units="millimolar"/>
<variable name="Vol_u" units="picol" initial_value="0.07"/>
<variable name="Vol_r" units="picol" initial_value="0.07"/>
<variable name="Km_up" units="micromolar" initial_value="0.08"/>
<variable name="time" units="millisecond" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="Ca_i" units="micromolar" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="R10" units="dimensionless" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="F" units="coulomb_per_mole" public_interface="in"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_up</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>I_up</ci>
<ci>Ca_i</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>Ca_i</ci>
<ci>Km_up</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_tr</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>Ca_u</ci>
<ci>Ca_r</ci>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
<ci>F</ci>
<ci>Vol_u</ci>
</apply>
<ci>tau_tr</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_rel</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<power/>
<ci>R10</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>Ca_u</ci>
<ci>Ca_r</ci>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
<ci>F</ci>
<ci>Vol_r</ci>
</apply>
<ci>tau_rel</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>Ca_up</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>i_up</ci>
<ci>i_tr</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
<ci>F</ci>
<ci>Vol_u</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>Ca_r</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>i_tr</ci>
<ci>i_rel</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
<ci>F</ci>
<ci>Vol_r</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" name="CICR_mechanism_of_the_SR">
<variable name="R10" units="dimensionless" initial_value="0.0033" public_interface="out"/>
<variable name="R00" units="dimensionless" initial_value="0.001196"/>
<variable name="R01" units="dimensionless" initial_value="0.9955"/>
<variable name="R11" units="dimensionless" initial_value="4e-6"/>
<variable name="Kr1" units="third_order_rate_constant" initial_value="2500"/>
<variable name="Kr2" units="second_order_rate_constant" initial_value="1.05"/>
<variable name="Kr1_" units="first_order_rate_constant" initial_value="0.0076"/>
<variable name="Kr2_" units="first_order_rate_constant" initial_value="0.084"/>
<variable name="Ca_i" units="micromolar" public_interface="in"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>R00</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>Kr1_</ci>
<ci>R10</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>Kr2_</ci>
<ci>R01</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>Kr1</ci>
<apply>
<power/>
<ci>Ca_i</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>Kr2</ci>
<ci>Ca_i</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<ci>R00</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>R10</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>Kr1</ci>
<apply>
<power/>
<ci>Ca_i</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
</apply>
<ci>R00</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>Kr2_</ci>
<ci>R11</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>Kr2</ci>
<ci>Ca_i</ci>
</apply>
<ci>Kr1_</ci>
</apply>
<ci>R10</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>R11</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>Kr1</ci>
<apply>
<power/>
<ci>Ca_i</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
</apply>
<ci>R01</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>Kr2</ci>
<ci>Ca_i</ci>
<ci>R10</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>Kr2_</ci>
<ci>Kr1_</ci>
</apply>
<ci>R11</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>R01</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>Kr1_</ci>
<ci>R11</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>Kr2</ci>
<ci>Ca_i</ci>
<ci>R00</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>Kr1</ci>
<apply>
<power/>
<ci>Ca_i</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<ci>Kr2_</ci>
</apply>
<ci>R01</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" name="smooth_muscle_contraction">
<variable name="K_CaCM" units="dimensionless" initial_value="1.78e-7" public_interface="out"/>
<variable name="AM" units="dimensionless" initial_value="0.2798" public_interface="out"/>
<variable name="AMp" units="dimensionless" initial_value="0.0627" public_interface="out"/>
<variable name="Mp" units="dimensionless" initial_value="0.0476"/>
<variable name="M" units="dimensionless" initial_value="0.6099"/>
<variable name="K1" units="first_order_rate_constant"/>
<variable name="K2" units="first_order_rate_constant" initial_value="0.4"/>
<variable name="K3" units="first_order_rate_constant" initial_value="1.8"/>
<variable name="K4" units="first_order_rate_constant" initial_value="0.1"/>
<variable name="K5" units="first_order_rate_constant" initial_value="0.4"/>
<variable name="K6" units="first_order_rate_constant"/>
<variable name="K7" units="first_order_rate_constant" initial_value="0.045"/>
<variable name="CaCM" units="millimolar" public_interface="in"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>M</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>K2</ci>
<ci>Mp</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>K7</ci>
<ci>AM</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>K1</ci>
<ci>M</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>Mp</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>K1</ci>
<ci>M</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>K4</ci>
<ci>AMp</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>K2</ci>
<ci>K3</ci>
</apply>
<ci>Mp</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>AMp</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>K6</ci>
<ci>AM</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>K3</ci>
<ci>Mp</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>K5</ci>
<ci>K4</ci>
</apply>
<ci>AMp</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>AM</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>K5</ci>
<ci>AMp</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>K7</ci>
<ci>K6</ci>
</apply>
<ci>AM</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>K1</ci>
<ci>K6</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>K6</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<power/>
<ci>CaCM</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<power/>
<ci>CaCM</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<power/>
<ci>K_CaCM</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" name="passive_force">
<variable name="Fp" units="microN"/>
<variable name="kp" units="microN" initial_value="0.1"/>
<variable name="alpha_p" units="dimensionless" initial_value="0.1"/>
<variable name="l0" units="micrometre" initial_value="40"/>
<variable name="lc" units="micrometre"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>Fp</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>kp</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>alpha_p</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>lc</ci>
<ci>l0</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<ci>l0</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" name="cross_bridge_elasticity">
<variable name="beta" units="dimensionless" initial_value="7.5" public_interface="out"/>
<variable name="la" units="micrometre" public_interface="out"/>
<variable name="lopt" units="micrometre" initial_value="100" public_interface="out"/>
<variable name="Fx" units="microN"/>
<variable name="kx1" units="microN_per_micrometre" initial_value="12.5"/>
<variable name="kx2" units="microN_per_micrometre" initial_value="8.8"/>
<variable name="lx" units="micrometre" initial_value="89.6"/>
<variable name="AM" units="dimensionless" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="AMp" units="dimensionless" public_interface="in"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>Fx</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>kx1</ci>
<ci>AMp</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>kx2</ci>
<ci>AM</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<ci>lx</ci>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>beta</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<power/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>la</ci>
<ci>lopt</ci>
</apply>
<ci>lopt</ci>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" name="active_force_generation">
<variable name="Fa" units="microN"/>
<variable name="vx" units="micrometre_per_ms" initial_value="5"/>
<variable name="ia" units="micrometre_per_ms"/>
<variable name="fAMp" units="microN_ms_per_micrometre" initial_value="1.3"/>
<variable name="fAM" units="microN_per_micrometre" initial_value="85.5"/>
<variable name="beta" units="dimensionless" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="la" units="micrometre" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="lopt" units="micrometre" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="AM" units="dimensionless" public_interface="in"/>
<variable name="AMp" units="dimensionless" public_interface="in"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>Fa</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>fAMp</ci>
<ci>AMp</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>vx</ci>
<ci>ia</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>fAM</ci>
<ci>AM</ci>
<ci>ia</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>beta</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<power/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>la</ci>
<ci>lopt</ci>
</apply>
<ci>lopt</ci>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" name="series_viscoelastic_force">
<variable name="Fs" units="microN"/>
<variable name="ks" units="microN" initial_value="0.2"/>
<variable name="alpha_s" units="dimensionless" initial_value="4.5"/>
<variable name="ls" units="micrometre" initial_value="37.05"/>
<variable name="delta_ls" units="micrometre_per_ms"/>
<variable name="ls0" units="micrometre" initial_value="30"/>
<variable name="mu_s" units="microN_ms_per_micrometre" initial_value="0.01"/>
<variable name="time" units="millisecond" public_interface="in"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>Fs</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>mu_s</ci>
<ci>delta_ls</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>ks</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>alpha_s</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>ls</ci>
<ci>ls0</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<ci>ls0</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>ls</ci>
</apply>
<ci>delta_ls</ci>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<group xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#">
<relationship_ref relationship="containment"/>
<component_ref component="membrane">
<component_ref component="L_type_calcium_current">
<component_ref component="L_type_calcium_current_d_gate"/>
<component_ref component="L_type_calcium_current_f_gate"/>
</component_ref>
<component_ref component="calcium_activated_potassium_current">
<component_ref component="calcium_activated_potassium_current_P_K_Ca_gate"/>
</component_ref>
<component_ref component="delayed_rectifier_current">
<component_ref component="delayed_rectifier_current_Pk_gate"/>
</component_ref>
<component_ref component="stretch_sensitive_current"/>
<component_ref component="inward_rectifier_current"/>
<component_ref component="calcium_pump"/>
<component_ref component="sodium_potassium_pump"/>
<component_ref component="sodium_calcium_exchanger"/>
<component_ref component="background_currents"/>
<component_ref component="extracellular_ionic_concentrations"/>
<component_ref component="intracellular_ionic_concentrations"/>
<component_ref component="calcium_fluxes_in_the_SR"/>
<component_ref component="CICR_mechanism_of_the_SR"/>
<component_ref component="smooth_muscle_contraction"/>
<component_ref component="passive_force"/>
<component_ref component="cross_bridge_elasticity"/>
<component_ref component="active_force_generation"/>
<component_ref component="series_viscoelastic_force"/>
</component_ref>
</group>
<group xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#">
<relationship_ref relationship="encapsulation"/>
<component_ref component="L_type_calcium_current">
<component_ref component="L_type_calcium_current_d_gate"/>
<component_ref component="L_type_calcium_current_f_gate"/>
</component_ref>
<component_ref component="calcium_activated_potassium_current">
<component_ref component="calcium_activated_potassium_current_P_K_Ca_gate"/>
</component_ref>
<component_ref component="delayed_rectifier_current">
<component_ref component="delayed_rectifier_current_Pk_gate"/>
</component_ref>
</group>
<connection xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#">
<map_components component_1="membrane" component_2="environment"/>
<map_variables variable_1="time" variable_2="time"/>
</connection>
<connection xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#">
<map_components component_1="L_type_calcium_current" component_2="environment"/>
<map_variables variable_1="time" variable_2="time"/>
</connection>
<connection xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#">
<map_components component_1="delayed_rectifier_current" component_2="environment"/>
<map_variables variable_1="time" variable_2="time"/>
</connection>
<connection xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#">
<map_components component_1="calcium_activated_potassium_current" component_2="environment"/>
<map_variables variable_1="time" variable_2="time"/>
</connection>
<connection xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#">
<map_components component_1="intracellular_ionic_concentrations" component_2="environment"/>
<map_variables variable_1="time" variable_2="time"/>
</connection>
<connection xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#">
<map_components component_1="calcium_fluxes_in_the_SR" component_2="environment"/>
<map_variables variable_1="time" variable_2="time"/>
</connection>
<connection xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#">
<map_components component_1="series_viscoelastic_force" component_2="environment"/>
<map_variables variable_1="time" variable_2="time"/>
</connection>
<connection xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#">
<map_components component_1="membrane" component_2="L_type_calcium_current"/>
<map_variables variable_1="V" variable_2="V"/>
<map_variables variable_1="F" variable_2="F"/>
<map_variables variable_1="T" variable_2="T"/>
<map_variables variable_1="R" variable_2="R"/>
<map_variables variable_1="i_Ca_L" variable_2="i_Ca_L"/>
</connection>
<connection xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#">
<map_components component_1="membrane" component_2="calcium_activated_potassium_current"/>
<map_variables variable_1="V" variable_2="V"/>
<map_variables variable_1="F" variable_2="F"/>
<map_variables variable_1="T" variable_2="T"/>
<map_variables variable_1="R" variable_2="R"/>
<map_variables variable_1="i_K_Ca" variable_2="i_K_Ca"/>
</connection>
<connection xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#">
<map_components component_1="membrane" component_2="delayed_rectifier_current"/>
<map_variables variable_1="V" variable_2="V"/>
<map_variables variable_1="i_K" variable_2="i_K"/>
</connection>
<connection xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#">
<map_components component_1="membrane" component_2="stretch_sensitive_current"/>
<map_variables variable_1="V" variable_2="V"/>
<map_variables variable_1="F" variable_2="F"/>
<map_variables variable_1="T" variable_2="T"/>
<map_variables variable_1="R" variable_2="R"/>
<map_variables variable_1="i_M" variable_2="i_M"/>
</connection>
<connection xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#">
<map_components component_1="membrane" component_2="inward_rectifier_current"/>
<map_variables variable_1="V" variable_2="V"/>
<map_variables variable_1="i_Ki" variable_2="i_Ki"/>
</connection>
<connection xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#">
<map_components component_1="membrane" component_2="calcium_pump"/>
<map_variables variable_1="i_CaP" variable_2="i_CaP"/>
</connection>
<connection xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#">
<map_components component_1="membrane" component_2="sodium_potassium_pump"/>
<map_variables variable_1="V" variable_2="V"/>
<map_variables variable_1="i_NaK" variable_2="i_NaK"/>
</connection>
<connection xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#">
<map_components component_1="membrane" component_2="sodium_calcium_exchanger"/>
<map_variables variable_1="V" variable_2="V"/>
<map_variables variable_1="F" variable_2="F"/>
<map_variables variable_1="T" variable_2="T"/>
<map_variables variable_1="R" variable_2="R"/>
<map_variables variable_1="i_NaCa" variable_2="i_NaCa"/>
</connection>
<connection xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#">
<map_components component_1="membrane" component_2="background_currents"/>
<map_variables variable_1="V" variable_2="V"/>
<map_variables variable_1="F" variable_2="F"/>
<map_variables variable_1="T" variable_2="T"/>
<map_variables variable_1="R" variable_2="R"/>
<map_variables variable_1="i_B" variable_2="i_B"/>
</connection>
<connection xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#">
<map_components component_1="membrane" component_2="intracellular_ionic_concentrations"/>
<map_variables variable_1="F" variable_2="F"/>
</connection>
<connection xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#">
<map_components component_1="membrane" component_2="calcium_fluxes_in_the_SR"/>
<map_variables variable_1="F" variable_2="F"/>
</connection>
<connection xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#">
<map_components component_1="intracellular_ionic_concentrations" component_2="L_type_calcium_current"/>
<map_variables variable_1="Ca_i" variable_2="Ca_i"/>
<map_variables variable_1="i_Ca_L" variable_2="i_Ca_L"/>
</connection>
<connection xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#">
<map_components component_1="extracellular_ionic_concentrations" component_2="L_type_calcium_current"/>
<map_variables variable_1="Ca_o" variable_2="Ca_o"/>
</connection>
<connection xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#">
<map_components component_1="intracellular_ionic_concentrations" component_2="calcium_activated_potassium_current"/>
<map_variables variable_1="K_i" variable_2="K_i"/>
<map_variables variable_1="Ca_i" variable_2="Ca_i"/>
<map_variables variable_1="i_K_Ca" variable_2="i_K_Ca"/>
</connection>
<connection xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#">
<map_components component_1="extracellular_ionic_concentrations" component_2="calcium_activated_potassium_current"/>
<map_variables variable_1="K_o" variable_2="K_o"/>
</connection>
<connection xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#">
<map_components component_1="intracellular_ionic_concentrations" component_2="delayed_rectifier_current"/>
<map_variables variable_1="i_K" variable_2="i_K"/>
</connection>
<connection xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#">
<map_components component_1="intracellular_ionic_concentrations" component_2="stretch_sensitive_current"/>
<map_variables variable_1="K_i" variable_2="K_i"/>
<map_variables variable_1="Ca_i" variable_2="Ca_i"/>
<map_variables variable_1="Na_i" variable_2="Na_i"/>
<map_variables variable_1="i_M_Na" variable_2="i_M_Na"/>
<map_variables variable_1="i_M_Ca" variable_2="i_M_Ca"/>
<map_variables variable_1="i_M_K" variable_2="i_M_K"/>
</connection>
<connection xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#">
<map_components component_1="extracellular_ionic_concentrations" component_2="stretch_sensitive_current"/>
<map_variables variable_1="K_o" variable_2="K_o"/>
<map_variables variable_1="Na_o" variable_2="Na_o"/>
<map_variables variable_1="Ca_o" variable_2="Ca_o"/>
</connection>
<connection xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#">
<map_components component_1="intracellular_ionic_concentrations" component_2="inward_rectifier_current"/>
<map_variables variable_1="K_i" variable_2="K_i"/>
<map_variables variable_1="i_Ki" variable_2="i_Ki"/>
</connection>
<connection xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#">
<map_components component_1="extracellular_ionic_concentrations" component_2="inward_rectifier_current"/>
<map_variables variable_1="K_o" variable_2="K_o"/>
</connection>
<connection xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#">
<map_components component_1="intracellular_ionic_concentrations" component_2="calcium_pump"/>
<map_variables variable_1="CaCM" variable_2="CaCM"/>
<map_variables variable_1="i_CaP" variable_2="i_CaP"/>
</connection>
<connection xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#">
<map_components component_1="intracellular_ionic_concentrations" component_2="sodium_potassium_pump"/>
<map_variables variable_1="Na_i" variable_2="Na_i"/>
<map_variables variable_1="i_NaK" variable_2="i_NaK"/>
</connection>
<connection xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#">
<map_components component_1="extracellular_ionic_concentrations" component_2="sodium_potassium_pump"/>
<map_variables variable_1="K_o" variable_2="K_o"/>
</connection>
<connection xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#">
<map_components component_1="intracellular_ionic_concentrations" component_2="sodium_calcium_exchanger"/>
<map_variables variable_1="Ca_i" variable_2="Ca_i"/>
<map_variables variable_1="Na_i" variable_2="Na_i"/>
<map_variables variable_1="i_NaCa" variable_2="i_NaCa"/>
</connection>
<connection xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#">
<map_components component_1="extracellular_ionic_concentrations" component_2="sodium_calcium_exchanger"/>
<map_variables variable_1="Na_o" variable_2="Na_o"/>
<map_variables variable_1="Ca_o" variable_2="Ca_o"/>
</connection>
<connection xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#">
<map_components component_1="intracellular_ionic_concentrations" component_2="background_currents"/>
<map_variables variable_1="Ca_i" variable_2="Ca_i"/>
<map_variables variable_1="Na_i" variable_2="Na_i"/>
<map_variables variable_1="i_B_Na" variable_2="i_B_Na"/>
<map_variables variable_1="i_B_Ca" variable_2="i_B_Ca"/>
<map_variables variable_1="i_B_K" variable_2="i_B_K"/>
</connection>
<connection xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#">
<map_components component_1="extracellular_ionic_concentrations" component_2="background_currents"/>
<map_variables variable_1="Na_o" variable_2="Na_o"/>
<map_variables variable_1="Ca_o" variable_2="Ca_o"/>
</connection>
<connection xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#">
<map_components component_1="intracellular_ionic_concentrations" component_2="calcium_fluxes_in_the_SR"/>
<map_variables variable_1="i_up" variable_2="i_up"/>
<map_variables variable_1="i_rel" variable_2="i_rel"/>
<map_variables variable_1="Ca_i" variable_2="Ca_i"/>
</connection>
<connection xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#">
<map_components component_1="intracellular_ionic_concentrations" component_2="CICR_mechanism_of_the_SR"/>
<map_variables variable_1="Ca_i" variable_2="Ca_i"/>
</connection>
<connection xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#">
<map_components component_1="intracellular_ionic_concentrations" component_2="smooth_muscle_contraction"/>
<map_variables variable_1="CaCM" variable_2="CaCM"/>
</connection>
<connection xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#">
<map_components component_1="calcium_activated_potassium_current" component_2="delayed_rectifier_current"/>
<map_variables variable_1="E_K" variable_2="E_K"/>
</connection>
<connection xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#">
<map_components component_1="calcium_activated_potassium_current" component_2="inward_rectifier_current"/>
<map_variables variable_1="E_K" variable_2="E_K"/>
</connection>
<connection xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#">
<map_components component_1="calcium_activated_potassium_current" component_2="stretch_sensitive_current"/>
<map_variables variable_1="E_K" variable_2="E_K"/>
</connection>
<connection xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#">
<map_components component_1="calcium_activated_potassium_current" component_2="background_currents"/>
<map_variables variable_1="E_K" variable_2="E_K"/>
</connection>
<connection xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#">
<map_components component_1="calcium_fluxes_in_the_SR" component_2="CICR_mechanism_of_the_SR"/>
<map_variables variable_1="R10" variable_2="R10"/>
</connection>
<connection xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#">
<map_components component_1="smooth_muscle_contraction" component_2="calcium_pump"/>
<map_variables variable_1="K_CaCM" variable_2="K_CaCM"/>
</connection>
<connection xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#">
<map_components component_1="smooth_muscle_contraction" component_2="cross_bridge_elasticity"/>
<map_variables variable_1="AM" variable_2="AM"/>
<map_variables variable_1="AMp" variable_2="AMp"/>
</connection>
<connection xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#">
<map_components component_1="smooth_muscle_contraction" component_2="active_force_generation"/>
<map_variables variable_1="AM" variable_2="AM"/>
<map_variables variable_1="AMp" variable_2="AMp"/>
</connection>
<connection xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#">
<map_components component_1="active_force_generation" component_2="cross_bridge_elasticity"/>
<map_variables variable_1="beta" variable_2="beta"/>
<map_variables variable_1="la" variable_2="la"/>
<map_variables variable_1="lopt" variable_2="lopt"/>
</connection>
<connection xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#">
<map_components component_1="L_type_calcium_current" component_2="L_type_calcium_current_d_gate"/>
<map_variables variable_1="d" variable_2="d"/>
<map_variables variable_1="time" variable_2="time"/>
<map_variables variable_1="V" variable_2="V"/>
</connection>
<connection xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#">
<map_components component_1="L_type_calcium_current" component_2="L_type_calcium_current_f_gate"/>
<map_variables variable_1="f" variable_2="f"/>
<map_variables variable_1="time" variable_2="time"/>
<map_variables variable_1="V" variable_2="V"/>
</connection>
<connection xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#">
<map_components component_1="calcium_activated_potassium_current" component_2="calcium_activated_potassium_current_P_K_Ca_gate"/>
<map_variables variable_1="P_K_Ca" variable_2="P_K_Ca"/>
<map_variables variable_1="time" variable_2="time"/>
<map_variables variable_1="Ca_i" variable_2="Ca_i"/>
<map_variables variable_1="V" variable_2="V"/>
</connection>
<connection xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#">
<map_components component_1="delayed_rectifier_current" component_2="delayed_rectifier_current_Pk_gate"/>
<map_variables variable_1="Pk" variable_2="Pk"/>
<map_variables variable_1="time" variable_2="time"/>
<map_variables variable_1="V" variable_2="V"/>
</connection>
</model>
