<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
<!-- FILE : rice_model2_1999_version02.xml
CREATED : 24th May 2007
LAST MODIFIED : 24th May 2007
AUTHOR : Catherine Lloyd
The Bioengineering Institute
The University of Auckland
MODEL STATUS : This model conforms to the CellML 1.1 Specification.
DESCRIPTION : This file contains a CellML description of Rice et al's 1999 1st
model of isometric force generation in cardiac myofilaments.
CHANGES:
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<article>
<articleinfo>
<title>Cooperative Mechanisms in Cardiac Muscle (model 2)</title>
<author>
<firstname>Catherine</firstname>
<surname>Lloyd</surname>
<affiliation>
<shortaffil>Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland</shortaffil>
</affiliation>
</author>
</articleinfo>
<sect1 id="sec_structure">
<title>Model Structure</title>
<para>
In cardiac muscle, steady-state force-Ca<superscript>2+</superscript> (F-Ca) relations exhibit more cooperativity than that predicted by the single Ca<superscript>2+</superscript> binding site on troponin. The exact mechanisms underlying this high cooperativity are unknown. In their 1999 paper, J. Jeremy Rice, Raimond L. Winslow and William C. Hunter present five potential models for force generation in cardiac muscle (see the figure below). These models were constructed by assuming different subsets of three possible cooperative mechanisms:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
<emphasis role="bold">Cooperative mechanism 1</emphasis>
is based on the theory that cross bridge formation between actin and myosin increases the affinity of troponin for Ca<superscript>2+</superscript>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<emphasis role="bold">Cooperative mechanism 2</emphasis>
assumes that the binding of a cross bridge increases the rate of formation of neighbouring cross bridges and that multiple cross bridges can actin activation even in the absence of Ca<superscript>2+</superscript>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<emphasis role="bold">Cooperative mechanism 2</emphasis>
simulates end-to-end interactions between adjacent troponin and tropomyosin.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
<para>
Comparison of putative cooperative mechanisms in cardiac muscle: length dependence and dynamic responses, J. Jeremy Rice, Raimond L. Winslow and William C. Hunter, 1999, <emphasis>American Journal of Physiology</emphasis>, 276, H1734-H1754. <ulink url="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10330260&dopt=Abstract">PubMed ID: 10330260</ulink>
</para>
<informalfigure float="0" id="fig_reaction_diagrams">
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<title>reaction_diagrams</title>
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<imagedata fileref="rice_hunter_1999.png"/>
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<caption>State diagrams for the five models of isometric force generation in cardiac muscle. T represents tropomyosin, TCa is Ca<superscript>2+</superscript> bound tropomyosin, N0, N1, P0 and P1 are the non-permissive and permissive tropomyosin states.</caption>
</informalfigure>
<para>
All the models are similar in that they are structured around a functional unit of troponin, tropomyosin and actin. Tropomyosin can exist in four states, two permissive or two non-permissive (referring to whether or not the actin sites are available for binding to myosin and hence cross bridge formation). Depending on the model, one or more cross bridges exist, and these are either weakly-bound (non-force generating) or strongly bound (force generating).
</para>
<para>
The paper (cited below) tests the behaviours of the five models of force generation in cardiac myocytes. The first two models provide a baseline of performance for comparison. Models 3 to 5 are developed to incorporate more cooperative mechanisms. From the results of these simulations, which were compared to and consistent with experimental data, it is hypothesised that multiple mechanisms of cooperativity may coexist and contribute to the responses of cardiac muscle.
</para>
</sect1>
</article>
</documentation>
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All five mathematical models published in this paper were constructed
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<dcterms:W3CDTF>1999-05</dcterms:W3CDTF>
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<dc:title>
The Rice et al. 1999 2nd model of isometric force generation in cardiac
myofilaments
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<vCard:Given>Catherine</vCard:Given>
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