<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!--
This CellML file was generated on 24/09/2008 at 17:13:18 using:
COR (0.9.31.1033)
Copyright 2002-2008 Dr Alan Garny
http://COR.physiol.ox.ac.uk/ - COR@physiol.ox.ac.uk
CellML 1.0 was used to generate this model
http://www.CellML.org/
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<documentation xmlns="http://cellml.org/tmp-documentation">
<article>
<articleinfo>
<title>Hodgkin Huxley Squid Axon Model 1952</title>
<author>
<firstname>Catherine</firstname>
<surname>Lloyd</surname>
<affiliation>
<shortaffil>Auckland Bioengineering Institute</shortaffil>
</affiliation>
</author>
</articleinfo>
<section id="sec_status">
<title>Model Status</title>
<para>
This particular variant of the CellML model is based on the original model in the 1952 Hodgkin-Huxley published paper. Previous versions of the CellML model description have been modified from the original model to to be consistent with the modern convention of describing cardiac models. This particular model has been tested in both PCEnv and COR. To run the model correctly in COR you need to set the duration of the simulation to 50 ms and, to make the rendering of the results more accurate, the output to 0.1 ms.
</para>
</section>
<sect1 id="sec_structure">
<title>Model Structure</title>
<para>
In a series of papers published in 1952, A.L. Hodgkin and A.F. Huxley presented the results of a series of experiments in which they investigated the flow of electric current through the surface membrane of the giant nerve fibre of a squid. In the summary paper of the Hodgkin and Huxley model, the authors developed a mathematical description of the behaviour of the membrane based upon these experiments, which accounts for the conduction and excitation of the fibre. The form of this description has been used as the basis for almost all other ionic current models of excitable tissues, including Purkinje fibres and cardiac atrial and ventricular muscle.
</para>
<para>
The CellML model itself is intended to represent the original model from the published paper. To date, all the other versions of the Hodgkin-Hulxley model have been slightly modified versions of the original published model. In particular the current descriptions were reversed to be consistent with the modern convention proposed by Prof. Denis Noble, now commonly adopted for cardiac muscle model descriptions.
</para>
<informalfigure float="0" id="fig_circuit_diagram">
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<objectinfo>
<title>Electrical circuit describing the current across the cell membrane</title>
</objectinfo>
<imagedata fileref="hodgkin_1952.png"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
<caption>A schematic cell diagram describing the current flows across the cell membrane that are captured in the Hodgkin Huxley model.</caption>
</informalfigure>
<para>
The complete original paper reference is cited below:
</para>
<para>
A quantitative description of membrane current and its application to conduction and excitation in nerve, A.L. Hodgkin and A.F. Huxley, 1952, <emphasis>The Journal of Physiology</emphasis>, 117, 500-544. <ulink url="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=12991237&query_hl=1&itool=pubmed_docsum">PubMed ID: 12991237</ulink>
</para>
</sect1>
</article>
</documentation>
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rdf:about="rdf:#2556f93d-5625-4b8f-b6c3-20ca8ea0a4d7"><Pubmed_id xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/bqs/1.0#" xml:lang="en">12991237</Pubmed_id><JournalArticle xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/bqs/1.0#"><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#5255356b-232a-484d-ac27-4dbb7fd9dab2"/></JournalArticle></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#bd2a51c8-81c1-4015-8a10-a0ff312038a5"><W3CDTF xmlns="http://purl.org/dc/terms/" xml:lang="en">2002-11-20</W3CDTF></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#51a60dc9-2f70-4eb6-845a-1dafe7feb919"><rdf:type><rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.cellml.org/bqs/1.0#Person"/></rdf:type><N xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#"><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#9402b850-7050-4483-9cc7-a84fe2f91be2"/></N></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#dd19c2b0-7377-4de5-b057-b16fc09f80e1"><modified xmlns="http://purl.org/dc/terms/"><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#a667e8d9-35da-46ed-85c3-5c2c9018eb8a"/></modified><rdf:value xml:lang="en">Version of model to match the original publication</rdf:value><cmeta:modifier><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#783867e0-4773-4fd9-a07c-571f3683c91b"/></cmeta:modifier></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#e251fcfd-c2b7-415d-9c96-5ad6417863ec"><rdf:type><rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.cellml.org/bqs/1.0#Person"/></rdf:type><N xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#"><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#5ca898bf-528f-4afc-942c-504b39ab6c52"/></N></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#6d8cd909-915e-4a88-96ee-33dcda056c46"><FN xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#" xml:lang="en">Warren Hedley</FN></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#85f445d5-2b20-4a8a-937a-44890e1ccf00"><N xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#"><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#9b923383-f1a8-48c7-b1ee-0ca41c08de54"/></N></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#92eb28c2-eff6-485e-82e6-5bbe9d26f3fd"><Given xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#" xml:lang="en">Alan</Given><Family xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#" xml:lang="en">Garny</Family><Other xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#" xml:lang="en"></Other></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#5bc4f7d2-1306-4281-88b5-a5afe628bc66"><W3CDTF xmlns="http://purl.org/dc/terms/" xml:lang="en">2007-06-15T12:32:55+12:00</W3CDTF></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#2f069a61-06ba-4782-a877-f31e770cdf0d"><Pubmed_id xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/bqs/1.0#" xml:lang="en">2185861</Pubmed_id><JournalArticle xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/bqs/1.0#"><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#6a5c1370-80c1-4b42-aead-44170b5e073e"/></JournalArticle></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#645f2f0c-9134-420b-9177-df0862a7a1fc"><Given xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#" xml:lang="en">David</Given><Family xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#" xml:lang="en">Nickerson</Family></rdf:Description><rdf:Description 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xml:lang="en">Richard</Other></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#e897f342-e771-4ae3-876d-062dfdfccc88"><N xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#"><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#56197c17-2399-482e-9645-a522ed0beb31"/></N></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#11e3f403-75e7-4da6-9f6b-c5732c0cab1d"><modified xmlns="http://purl.org/dc/terms/"><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#140c4615-dbeb-4856-aa9c-68f554470dfa"/></modified><cmeta:modifier><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#b7d9bdf8-8ab9-4b18-903c-84dc2b140727"/></cmeta:modifier></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#e9e44e76-9801-4440-a074-6509ae83c1b7"><rdf:type><rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#Bag"/></rdf:type><rdf:_1 xml:lang="en">Neuron</rdf:_1><rdf:_2 xml:lang="en">giant axon</rdf:_2><rdf:_3 xml:lang="en">electrophysiology</rdf:_3></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#c1c62bec-a4f9-4b41-91ab-bbc81d473192"><subject xmlns="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#34d6c118-3d31-4355-90dc-a2cb5ef18374"/></subject></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#70448d97-7f25-4048-8bd3-da91d466bfd1"><W3CDTF xmlns="http://purl.org/dc/terms/" xml:lang="en">2002-11-20</W3CDTF></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#00da010f-7f66-47c5-89f7-a0d13ca1ddf4"><modified xmlns="http://purl.org/dc/terms/"><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#9ee1d23e-9cd8-45d8-8b8f-fcf480cf5c95"/></modified><rdf:value xml:lang="en">Added more metadata.</rdf:value><cmeta:modifier><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#f9a8c5a9-bc9c-4b50-bdbe-e9e5956bc3bd"/></cmeta:modifier></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="#hodgkin_huxley_squid_axon_model_1952_original"><simulation xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/metadata/simulation/1.0#"><rdf:Description rdf:nodeID="n1"/></simulation><cmeta:comment><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#57d10adf-23b4-40fc-abcf-783cee3dfbc0"/></cmeta:comment><reference xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/bqs/1.0#"><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#2556f93d-5625-4b8f-b6c3-20ca8ea0a4d7"/></reference></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#9b923383-f1a8-48c7-b1ee-0ca41c08de54"><Given xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#" xml:lang="en">David</Given><Family xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#" xml:lang="en">Nickerson</Family></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#dd05e416-49d3-4438-bb67-6916463b2da2"><creator xmlns="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#433fbbbf-151f-4ee4-a8d5-a12ee78700b3"/></creator><rdf:value xml:lang="en">This particular variant of the CellML model is based on the original model in the 1952 Hodgkin-Huxley published paper. Previous versions of the CellML model description have been modified from the original model to to be consistent with the modern convention of describing cardiac models. This particular model has been tested in both PCEnv and COR.</rdf:value></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#384803b0-d02a-414d-86fe-2ead34d6ede9"><modified xmlns="http://purl.org/dc/terms/"><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#70448d97-7f25-4048-8bd3-da91d466bfd1"/></modified><rdf:value xml:lang="en">Correcting the equation for dv/dt.</rdf:value><cmeta:modifier><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#85f445d5-2b20-4a8a-937a-44890e1ccf00"/></cmeta:modifier></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#957446e8-2852-4457-a3f6-0e87906f21b9"><W3CDTF xmlns="http://purl.org/dc/terms/" xml:lang="en">1952-01-01</W3CDTF></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#5ca898bf-528f-4afc-942c-504b39ab6c52"><Given xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#" xml:lang="en">A</Given><Family xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#" xml:lang="en">Huxley</Family><Other xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#" xml:lang="en">F</Other></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#70de1e12-eccf-4c2c-a514-a53a1018aeb3"><modified xmlns="http://purl.org/dc/terms/"><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#5bc4f7d2-1306-4281-88b5-a5afe628bc66"/></modified><rdf:value xml:lang="en">Added stimulus protocol to allow simulation of trains of action potentials. The stimulus amplitude (20 microamperes per cm2) and duration (0.5 ms) were taken from the single stimulus in the previous version. Set a period of 200 ms (arbitrary) to allow visualisation of 3 action potentials together at a resonable zoom level.</rdf:value><cmeta:modifier><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#e897f342-e771-4ae3-876d-062dfdfccc88"/></cmeta:modifier></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#b09b7354-2746-4d96-a0f2-6954edf92658"><Given xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#" xml:lang="en">Catherine</Given><Family xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#" xml:lang="en">Lloyd</Family><Other xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#" xml:lang="en">May</Other></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:nodeID="n2"><rdf:first><rdf:Description rdf:nodeID="n3"/></rdf:first><rdf:rest><rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#nil"/></rdf:rest></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#8fd18725-5764-4794-8857-23e4f6ce4b18"><modified xmlns="http://purl.org/dc/terms/"><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#6875edb4-a9cd-4bb6-b8f9-03b2c7cc8124"/></modified><cmeta:modifier><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#18a9b9a3-ea24-4c7d-9df0-4f3663e434bd"/></cmeta:modifier></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#$Tpnot2"><boundIntervals xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/metadata/simulation/1.0#"><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#$Upnot2"/></boundIntervals></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#66bca445-cdee-4030-81ee-ed5b822bf666"><creator xmlns="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#6d8cd909-915e-4a88-96ee-33dcda056c46"/></creator><rdf:value xml:lang="en">This is the CellML description of Hodgkin and Huxley's inspirational work on a mathematical description of currents through the membrane of a nerve fibre (axon) in a giant squid, and their application to the modelling of excitation in the nerve. It is generally regarded as the first example of a mathematical model of biology.</rdf:value></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#a667e8d9-35da-46ed-85c3-5c2c9018eb8a"><W3CDTF xmlns="http://purl.org/dc/terms/" xml:lang="en">2009-03-27T05:42:33+13:00</W3CDTF></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#926f9f08-b397-491a-ac44-76e38b182232"><modified xmlns="http://purl.org/dc/terms/"><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#86821b4a-b64d-46a1-8aec-e3f4544cb540"/></modified><rdf:value xml:lang="en">Fixed the broken figure links.</rdf:value><cmeta:modifier><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#d7dedc5f-038d-45c5-b191-69311c173c69"/></cmeta:modifier></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#eee0af8e-5256-4021-9426-80fe492518bc"><title xmlns="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xml:lang="en">Journal of Physiology</title></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#f9a8c5a9-bc9c-4b50-bdbe-e9e5956bc3bd"><N xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#"><rdf:Description 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Physiology</title></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#5255356b-232a-484d-ac27-4dbb7fd9dab2"><title xmlns="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xml:lang="en">A quantitative description of membrane current and its application to conduction and excitation in nerve</title><creator xmlns="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#26ae0c74-8312-4a01-b7ec-2119d0cdda39"/></creator><volume xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/bqs/1.0#" xml:lang="en">117</volume><first_page xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/bqs/1.0#" xml:lang="en">500</first_page><Journal xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/bqs/1.0#"><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#14864a47-23d4-4c87-9f80-ebb37bfec8d5"/></Journal><last_page xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/bqs/1.0#" xml:lang="en">544</last_page><issued xmlns="http://purl.org/dc/terms/"><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#5e464da0-3e8d-4137-86d1-f98e6d64c0d5"/></issued></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#c6edac45-4e25-42f6-8506-79a9a151d919"><FN 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