- Author:
- Dewan Sarwar <sarwarcse@gmail.com>
- Date:
- 2019-01-22 15:53:48+13:00
- Desc:
- adding the removed namepsaces
- Permanent Source URI:
- http://models.cellml.org/workspace/584/rawfile/f42c82f77870f412e1964b9b0701fec331344c8d/moss_2009.cellml
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<article>
<section id="sec_status">
<title>Model Status</title>
<para>This CellML model cannot be opened in COR and it cannot be run in PCEnv due to the use of vectors - something which may be included in the CellML 1.2 specification. The way this model is written it is not ideally suited for expression in CellML. However, we have attempted to describe the model in CellML with the hope that in the future it may be further validated and curated.</para>
</section>
<sect1 id="sec_structure">
<title>Model Structure</title>
<para>ABSTRACT: In this paper, concepts from network automata are adapted and extended to model complex biological systems. Specifically, systems of nephrons, the operational units of the kidney, are modelled and the dynamics of such systems are explored. Nephron behaviour can fluctuate widely and, under certain conditions, become chaotic. However, the behaviour of the whole kidney remains remarkably stable and blood solute levels are maintained under a wide range of conditions even when many nephrons are damaged or lost. A network model is used to investigate the stability of systems of nephrons and interactions between nephrons. More sophisticated dynamics are explored including the observed oscillations in single nephron filtration rates and the development of stable ionic and osmotic gradients in the inner medulla which contribute to the countercurrent exchange mechanism. We have used the model to explore the effects of changes in input parameters including hydrostatic and osmotic pressures and concentrations of ions, such as sodium and chloride. The intrinsic nephron control, tubuloglomerular feedback, is included and the effects of coupling between nephrons are explored in two-, eight- and 72-nephron models.</para>
<para>The original paper reference is cited below:</para>
<para>
A computational model for emergent dynamics in the kidney, Moss R, Kazmierczak E, Kirley M, and Harris P, 2009,
<emphasis>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A</emphasis>
, 367, 2125-40.
<ulink url="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19414449">PubMed ID: 19414449</ulink>
</para>
<informalfigure float="0" id="fig_reaction_diagram">
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<caption>Schematic diagram representing the model for the single-nephron tubule as a network automata, showing the edges that capture fluid flow, solute transport and tubulo-glomerular feedback.</caption>
</informalfigure>
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<variable cmeta:id="Na_M.Na_M" name="Na_M" public_interface="out" units="g_per_L" />
<variable cmeta:id="Na_M.H2O_M" name="H2O_M" public_interface="in" units="dimensionless" />
<variable cmeta:id="Na_M.H2O_A" name="H2O_A" public_interface="in" units="dimensionless" />
<variable cmeta:id="Na_M.Na_G" name="Na_G" public_interface="in" units="g_per_L" />
<variable cmeta:id="Na_M.Na_A" name="Na_A" public_interface="in" units="g_per_L" />
<variable cmeta:id="Na_M.t" name="t" public_interface="in" units="minute" />
<variable cmeta:id="Na_M.delta_t" name="delta_t" public_interface="in" units="minute" />
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="12a">
<apply>
<eq />
<apply>
<selector />
<ci type="vector">Na_M</ci>
<apply>
<plus />
<ci>t</ci>
<ci>delta_t</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times />
<apply>
<selector />
<ci type="vector">H2O_M</ci>
<ci>t</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus />
<apply>
<divide />
<apply>
<selector />
<ci type="vector">Na_A</ci>
<apply>
<plus />
<ci>t</ci>
<ci>delta_t</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<selector />
<ci type="vector">H2O_A</ci>
<ci>t</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<ci>Na_G</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="H2O_D" cmeta:id="H2O_D">
<variable cmeta:id="H2O_D.H2O_D" name="H2O_D" public_interface="out" units="dimensionless" />
<variable cmeta:id="H2O_D.Na_D" name="Na_D" public_interface="in" units="g_per_L" />
<variable cmeta:id="H2O_D.Na_D_M" name="Na_D_M" public_interface="in" units="g_per_L" />
<variable cmeta:id="H2O_D.H2O_D_M" name="H2O_D_M" public_interface="in" units="dimensionless" />
<variable cmeta:id="H2O_D.t" name="t" public_interface="in" units="minute" />
<variable cmeta:id="H2O_D.delta_t" name="delta_t" public_interface="in" units="minute" />
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="13">
<apply>
<eq />
<apply>
<selector />
<ci type="vector">H2O_D</ci>
<apply>
<plus />
<ci>t</ci>
<ci>delta_t</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times />
<apply>
<divide />
<apply>
<selector />
<ci type="vector">Na_D</ci>
<ci>t</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<selector />
<ci type="vector">Na_D_M</ci>
<ci>t</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<selector />
<ci type="vector">H2O_D_M</ci>
<ci>t</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="H2O_M" cmeta:id="H2O_M">
<variable cmeta:id="H2O_M.H2O_M" name="H2O_M" public_interface="out" units="dimensionless" />
<variable cmeta:id="H2O_M.Na_M" name="Na_M" public_interface="in" units="g_per_L" />
<variable cmeta:id="H2O_M.Na_D_M" name="Na_D_M" public_interface="in" units="g_per_L" />
<variable cmeta:id="H2O_M.H2O_D_M" name="H2O_D_M" public_interface="in" units="dimensionless" />
<variable cmeta:id="H2O_M.t" name="t" public_interface="in" units="minute" />
<variable cmeta:id="H2O_M.delta_t" name="delta_t" public_interface="in" units="minute" />
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="14">
<apply>
<eq />
<apply>
<selector />
<ci type="vector">H2O_M</ci>
<apply>
<plus />
<ci>t</ci>
<ci>delta_t</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times />
<apply>
<divide />
<apply>
<selector />
<ci type="vector">Na_M</ci>
<ci>t</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<selector />
<ci type="vector">Na_D_M</ci>
<ci>t</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<selector />
<ci type="vector">H2O_D_M</ci>
<ci>t</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="Na_A" cmeta:id="Na_A">
<variable cmeta:id="Na_A.Na_A" name="Na_A" public_interface="out" units="g_per_L" />
<variable cmeta:id="Na_A.H2O_A" name="H2O_A" public_interface="in" units="dimensionless" />
<variable cmeta:id="Na_A.H2O_M" name="H2O_M" public_interface="in" units="dimensionless" />
<variable cmeta:id="Na_A.H2O_M_A" name="H2O_M_A" public_interface="in" units="dimensionless" />
<variable cmeta:id="Na_A.Na_M_A" name="Na_M_A" public_interface="in" units="g_per_L" />
<variable cmeta:id="Na_A.Na_G" name="Na_G" public_interface="in" units="g_per_L" />
<variable cmeta:id="Na_A.t" name="t" public_interface="in" units="minute" />
<variable cmeta:id="Na_A.delta_t" name="delta_t" public_interface="in" units="minute" />
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="15">
<apply>
<eq />
<apply>
<selector />
<ci type="vector">Na_A</ci>
<apply>
<plus />
<ci>t</ci>
<ci>delta_t</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times />
<apply>
<divide />
<apply>
<selector />
<ci type="vector">H2O_A</ci>
<ci>t</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<selector />
<ci type="vector">H2O_M_A</ci>
<apply>
<plus />
<ci>t</ci>
<ci>delta_t</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus />
<apply>
<selector />
<ci type="vector">Na_M_A</ci>
<ci>t</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times />
<apply>
<selector />
<ci type="vector">Na_G</ci>
<ci>t</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<selector />
<ci type="vector">H2O_M</ci>
<ci>t</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="Na_G" cmeta:id="Na_G">
<variable cmeta:id="Na_G.Na_G" name="Na_G" public_interface="out" units="g_per_L" />
<variable cmeta:id="Na_G.Na_M" name="Na_M" public_interface="in" units="g_per_L" />
<variable cmeta:id="Na_G.Na_A" name="Na_A" public_interface="in" units="g_per_L" />
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="15a">
<apply>
<eq />
<ci>Na_G</ci>
<apply>
<minus />
<ci>Na_M</ci>
<ci>Na_A</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="H2O_A" cmeta:id="H2O_A">
<variable cmeta:id="H2O_A.H2O_A" initial_value="100.0" name="H2O_A" public_interface="out" units="dimensionless" />
</component>
<component name="H2O_I_IF" cmeta:id="H2O_I_IF">
<variable cmeta:id="H2O_I_IF.H2O_I_IF" initial_value="100.0" name="H2O_I_IF" public_interface="out" units="dimensionless" />
</component>
<component name="Na_I_IF" cmeta:id="Na_I_IF">
<variable cmeta:id="Na_I_IF.Na_I_IF" initial_value="100.0" name="Na_I_IF" public_interface="out" units="g_per_L" />
</component>
<component name="Na_M_A" cmeta:id="Na_M_A">
<variable cmeta:id="Na_M_A.Na_M_A" name="Na_M_A" public_interface="out" units="g_per_L" />
<variable cmeta:id="Na_M_A.Na_M" name="Na_M" public_interface="in" units="g_per_L" />
<variable cmeta:id="Na_M_A.Na_A" name="Na_A" public_interface="in" units="g_per_L" />
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="15b">
<apply>
<eq />
<ci>Na_M_A</ci>
<apply>
<plus />
<ci>Na_M</ci>
<ci>Na_A</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="H2O_M_A" cmeta:id="H2O_M_A">
<variable cmeta:id="H2O_M_A.H2O_M_A" name="H2O_M_A" public_interface="out" units="dimensionless" />
<variable cmeta:id="H2O_M_A.H2O_M" name="H2O_M" public_interface="in" units="dimensionless" />
<variable cmeta:id="H2O_M_A.H2O_A" name="H2O_A" public_interface="in" units="dimensionless" />
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="15c">
<apply>
<eq />
<ci>H2O_M_A</ci>
<apply>
<plus />
<ci>H2O_M</ci>
<ci>H2O_A</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="R_ADH" cmeta:id="R_ADH">
<variable cmeta:id="R_ADH.R_ADH" name="R_ADH" public_interface="out" units="g_per_L" />
<variable cmeta:id="R_ADH.ADH_I" initial_value="100.0" name="ADH_I" units="g_per_L" />
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="16">
<apply>
<eq />
<ci>R_ADH</ci>
<apply>
<divide />
<apply>
<log />
<apply>
<times />
<ci>ADH_I</ci>
<cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" type="e-notation" cellml:units="dimensionless">
1
<sep />
12
</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">2.0</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="R_ALD" cmeta:id="R_ALD">
<variable cmeta:id="R_ALD.R_ALD" name="R_ALD" public_interface="out" units="g_per_L" />
<variable cmeta:id="R_ALD.ALD_I" initial_value="100.0" name="ALD_I" units="g_per_L" />
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="17">
<apply>
<eq />
<ci>R_ALD</ci>
<apply>
<divide />
<apply>
<log />
<apply>
<times />
<ci>ALD_I</ci>
<cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" type="e-notation" cellml:units="dimensionless">
1
<sep />
11
</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">3.0</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="H2O_R" cmeta:id="H2O_R">
<variable cmeta:id="H2O_R.H2O_R" name="H2O_R" public_interface="out" units="dimensionless" />
<variable cmeta:id="H2O_R.R_ADH" name="R_ADH" public_interface="in" units="g_per_L" />
<variable cmeta:id="H2O_R.H2O_I" name="H2O_I" public_interface="in" units="dimensionless" />
<variable cmeta:id="H2O_R.H2O_I_IF" name="H2O_I_IF" public_interface="in" units="dimensionless" />
<variable cmeta:id="H2O_R.Na_I" name="Na_I" public_interface="in" units="g_per_L" />
<variable cmeta:id="H2O_R.Na_I_IF" name="Na_I_IF" public_interface="in" units="g_per_L" />
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="18">
<apply>
<eq />
<ci>H2O_R</ci>
<apply>
<times />
<ci>R_ADH</ci>
<apply>
<minus />
<ci>H2O_I</ci>
<apply>
<times />
<ci>Na_I</ci>
<apply>
<divide />
<ci>H2O_I_IF</ci>
<ci>Na_I_IF</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="Na_R" cmeta:id="Na_R">
<variable cmeta:id="Na_R.Na_R" name="Na_R" public_interface="out" units="g_per_L" />
<variable cmeta:id="Na_R.Na_max" initial_value="100.0" name="Na_max" units="g_per_L" />
<variable cmeta:id="Na_R.R_ALD" name="R_ALD" public_interface="in" units="g_per_L" />
<variable cmeta:id="Na_R.Na_I" name="Na_I" public_interface="in" units="g_per_L" />
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="19">
<apply>
<eq />
<ci>Na_R</ci>
<apply>
<times />
<ci>R_ALD</ci>
<ci>Na_max</ci>
<ci>Na_I</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<connection>
<map_components component_1="Na_A" component_2="Na_G" />
<map_variables variable_1="Na_A" variable_2="Na_A" />
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_1="H2O_M" component_2="Na_D" />
<map_variables variable_1="H2O_M" variable_2="H2O_M" />
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_1="H2O_I_IF" component_2="H2O_R" />
<map_variables variable_1="H2O_I_IF" variable_2="H2O_I_IF" />
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_1="H2O_D_M" component_2="H2O_M" />
<map_variables variable_1="H2O_D_M" variable_2="H2O_D_M" />
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_1="H2O_D" component_2="Na_D" />
<map_variables variable_1="H2O_D" variable_2="H2O_D" />
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_1="R_ADH" component_2="H2O_R" />
<map_variables variable_1="R_ADH" variable_2="R_ADH" />
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_1="model_parameters" component_2="Na_A" />
<map_variables variable_1="delta_t" variable_2="delta_t" />
<map_variables variable_1="t" variable_2="t" />
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_1="Na_M" component_2="phi" />
<map_variables variable_1="Na_M" variable_2="Na_M" />
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_1="phi" component_2="epsilon" />
<map_variables variable_1="phi" variable_2="phi" />
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_1="H2O_M" component_2="H2O_M_A" />
<map_variables variable_1="H2O_M" variable_2="H2O_M" />
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_1="pi_G" component_2="SNGFR" />
<map_variables variable_1="pi_G" variable_2="pi_G" />
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_1="H2O_I" component_2="H2O_R" />
<map_variables variable_1="H2O_I" variable_2="H2O_I" />
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_1="model_parameters" component_2="pi_G" />
<map_variables variable_1="C_A" variable_2="C_A" />
<map_variables variable_1="C_E" variable_2="C_E" />
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_1="model_parameters" component_2="epsilon" />
<map_variables variable_1="delta_t" variable_2="delta_t" />
<map_variables variable_1="t" variable_2="t" />
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_1="Na_I" component_2="Na_R" />
<map_variables variable_1="Na_I" variable_2="Na_I" />
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_1="model_parameters" component_2="H2O_M" />
<map_variables variable_1="delta_t" variable_2="delta_t" />
<map_variables variable_1="t" variable_2="t" />
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_1="H2O_R" component_2="H2O_I" />
<map_variables variable_1="H2O_R" variable_2="H2O_R" />
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_1="H2O_D_M" component_2="H2O_D" />
<map_variables variable_1="H2O_D_M" variable_2="H2O_D_M" />
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_1="Na_G" component_2="Na_A" />
<map_variables variable_1="Na_G" variable_2="Na_G" />
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_1="model_parameters" component_2="H2O_D" />
<map_variables variable_1="delta_t" variable_2="delta_t" />
<map_variables variable_1="t" variable_2="t" />
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_1="P_G" component_2="SNGFR" />
<map_variables variable_1="P_G" variable_2="P_G" />
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_1="model_parameters" component_2="Na_M" />
<map_variables variable_1="delta_t" variable_2="delta_t" />
<map_variables variable_1="t" variable_2="t" />
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_1="Na_D_M" component_2="H2O_D" />
<map_variables variable_1="Na_D_M" variable_2="Na_D_M" />
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_1="Na_A" component_2="Na_M_A" />
<map_variables variable_1="Na_A" variable_2="Na_A" />
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_1="H2O_M" component_2="Na_A" />
<map_variables variable_1="H2O_M" variable_2="H2O_M" />
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_1="Na_R" component_2="Na_I" />
<map_variables variable_1="Na_R" variable_2="Na_R" />
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_1="H2O_M" component_2="Na_M" />
<map_variables variable_1="H2O_M" variable_2="H2O_M" />
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_1="model_parameters" component_2="phi" />
<map_variables variable_1="delta_t" variable_2="delta_t" />
<map_variables variable_1="t" variable_2="t" />
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_1="model_parameters" component_2="H2O_D_M" />
<map_variables variable_1="delta_t" variable_2="delta_t" />
<map_variables variable_1="t" variable_2="t" />
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_1="model_parameters" component_2="Na_D_M" />
<map_variables variable_1="delta_t" variable_2="delta_t" />
<map_variables variable_1="t" variable_2="t" />
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_1="Na_M" component_2="Na_D" />
<map_variables variable_1="Na_M" variable_2="Na_M" />
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_1="model_parameters" component_2="R_A" />
<map_variables variable_1="delta_t" variable_2="delta_t" />
<map_variables variable_1="t" variable_2="t" />
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_1="Na_M" component_2="H2O_M" />
<map_variables variable_1="Na_M" variable_2="Na_M" />
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_1="Na_D" component_2="H2O_D" />
<map_variables variable_1="Na_D" variable_2="Na_D" />
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_1="model_parameters" component_2="P_G" />
<map_variables variable_1="delta_t" variable_2="delta_t" />
<map_variables variable_1="C_A" variable_2="C_A" />
<map_variables variable_1="C_E" variable_2="C_E" />
<map_variables variable_1="t" variable_2="t" />
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_1="Na_I_IF" component_2="H2O_R" />
<map_variables variable_1="Na_I_IF" variable_2="Na_I_IF" />
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_1="epsilon" component_2="R_A" />
<map_variables variable_1="epsilon" variable_2="epsilon" />
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_1="H2O_A" component_2="Na_M" />
<map_variables variable_1="H2O_A" variable_2="H2O_A" />
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_1="model_parameters" component_2="H2O_I" />
<map_variables variable_1="t" variable_2="t" />
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_1="Na_M" component_2="Na_M_A" />
<map_variables variable_1="Na_M" variable_2="Na_M" />
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_1="Na_M_A" component_2="Na_A" />
<map_variables variable_1="Na_M_A" variable_2="Na_M_A" />
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_1="H2O_M_A" component_2="Na_A" />
<map_variables variable_1="H2O_M_A" variable_2="H2O_M_A" />
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_1="model_parameters" component_2="Na_I" />
<map_variables variable_1="t" variable_2="t" />
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_1="Na_D_M" component_2="H2O_M" />
<map_variables variable_1="Na_D_M" variable_2="Na_D_M" />
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_1="Na_A" component_2="Na_M" />
<map_variables variable_1="Na_A" variable_2="Na_A" />
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_1="Na_M" component_2="Na_G" />
<map_variables variable_1="Na_M" variable_2="Na_M" />
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_1="H2O_A" component_2="H2O_M_A" />
<map_variables variable_1="H2O_A" variable_2="H2O_A" />
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_1="environment" component_2="model_parameters" />
<map_variables variable_1="time" variable_2="time" />
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_1="Na_G" component_2="Na_M" />
<map_variables variable_1="Na_G" variable_2="Na_G" />
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_1="Na_I" component_2="H2O_R" />
<map_variables variable_1="Na_I" variable_2="Na_I" />
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_1="R_ALD" component_2="Na_R" />
<map_variables variable_1="R_ALD" variable_2="R_ALD" />
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_1="model_parameters" component_2="Na_D" />
<map_variables variable_1="delta_t" variable_2="delta_t" />
<map_variables variable_1="t" variable_2="t" />
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_1="pi" component_2="pi_G" />
<map_variables variable_1="pi" variable_2="pi" />
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_1="H2O_A" component_2="Na_A" />
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<vCard:FN>Robert Moss</vCard:FN>
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<dcterms:description>resistance of the afferent arteriole</dcterms:description>
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<dcterms:description>Moss network model</dcterms:description>
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<dcterms:description>natural frequency (angular frequency) of the TGF mechanism</dcterms:description>
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<dcterms:description>concentration of protein (blood plasma) in the afferent arteriole (?? "plasma membrane protein" from FMA??)</dcterms:description>
</rdf:Description>
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</rdf:Description>
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<rdf:Description rdf:about="#phi.phi">
<dcterms:description>tubuloglomerular feedback signal</dcterms:description>
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</rdf:Description>
<rdf:Description rdf:about="#phi.epsilon_max">
<dcterms:description>response of the afferent arteriole to the tubuloglomerular feedback signal</dcterms:description>
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<rdf:Description rdf:about="#Na_R.R_ALD">
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<dcterms:description>delay in sending the TGF signal</dcterms:description>
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<dcterms:description>water in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle</dcterms:description>
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<dcterms:description>hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus</dcterms:description>
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<dcterms:description>In this paper, concepts from network automata are adapted and extended to model complex biological systems. Specifically, systems of nephrons, the operational units of the kidney, are modelled and the dynamics of such systems are explored. Nephron behaviour can fluctuate widely and, under certain conditions, become chaotic. However, the behaviour of the whole kidney remains remarkably stable and blood solute levels are maintained under a wide range of conditions even when many nephrons are damaged or lost. A network model is used to investigate the stability of systems of nephrons and interactions between nephrons. More sophisticated dynamics are explored including the observed oscillations in single nephron filtration rates and the development of stable ionic and osmotic gradients in the inner medulla which contribute to the countercurrent exchange mechanism. We have used the model to explore the effects of changes in input parameters including hydrostatic and osmotic pressures and concentrations of ions, such as sodium and chloride. The intrinsic nephron control, tubuloglomerular feedback, is included and the effects of coupling between nephrons are explored in two-, eight- and 72-nephron models.</dcterms:description>
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<dcterms:description>range constant for the TGF signal</dcterms:description>
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<rdf:Description rdf:about="#Title">
<dcterms:description>A computational model for emergent dynamics in the kidney</dcterms:description>
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<dcterms:description>resistance of the efferent arteriole</dcterms:description>
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<dcterms:description>sodium concentration in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle</dcterms:description>
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<dcterms:description>resistance of the afferent arteriole</dcterms:description>
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<dcterms:description>sodium concentration in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle</dcterms:description>
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<dcterms:description>oncotic pressure in the glomerulus</dcterms:description>
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<dcterms:description>sodium concentration in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle</dcterms:description>
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<dcterms:description>sodium concentration gradient between the interstitial fluid and the ascending limb of the loop of Henle</dcterms:description>
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<dcterms:description>concentration of sodium filtrate in the proximal tubule</dcterms:description>
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<dcterms:description>concentration of protein (bloood pasma) in the efferent arteriole (?? "plasma membrane protein" from FMA??)</dcterms:description>
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<dcterms:description>water in the descending limb of the loop of Henle</dcterms:description>
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<rdf:Description rdf:about="#Na_R.Na_max">
<dcterms:description>concentration of maximal amount of sodium reabsorption that can be achieved by the late distal tubule</dcterms:description>
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<dcterms:description>concentration of sodium filtrate in the proximal tubule</dcterms:description>
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<dcterms:description>concentration of sodium in the descending limb and interstitial fluid of the loop of Henle</dcterms:description>
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<dcterms:description>hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus</dcterms:description>
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<dcterms:description>compartment2</dcterms:description>
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<dcterms:description>oncotic pressure in the glomerulus</dcterms:description>
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<rdf:Description rdf:about="#SNGFR.Kf">
<dcterms:description>permeability constant for the glomerulus from blood in lumen of glomerulus to ultrafiltrate in lumen of bowman's capsule</dcterms:description>
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<semsim:hasPhysicalDefinition rdf:resource="http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/80274001" />
<dcterms:description>single nephron glomerular filtration rate (SNGFR)</dcterms:description>
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<rdf:Description rdf:about="#R_A.H_A">
<dcterms:description>average afferent haematocrit (the ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood) for the glomerulus</dcterms:description>
</rdf:Description>
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</rdf:Description>
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</rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>
</model>
