- Author:
- Hanne <Hanne@hanne-nielsens-macbook.local>
- Date:
- 2009-12-07 12:34:13+13:00
- Desc:
- Added images in ai and svg format
- Permanent Source URI:
- http://models.cellml.org/workspace/earm_noble_1990/rawfile/b10bf6851206bee3925a1d3e062049b6bf139085/earm_noble_1990.cellml
<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
<!--
This CellML file was generated on 15/10/2007 at 15:54:43 using:
COR (0.9.31.801)
Copyright 2002-2007 Dr Alan Garny
http://COR.physiol.ox.ac.uk/ - COR@physiol.ox.ac.uk
CellML 1.0 was used to generate this cellular model
http://www.CellML.org/
--><model xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" xmlns:cmeta="http://www.cellml.org/metadata/1.0#" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:bqs="http://www.cellml.org/bqs/1.0#" xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" xmlns:dcterms="http://purl.org/dc/terms/" xmlns:vCard="http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#" xmlns:ns7="http://www.cellml.org/metadata/simulation/1.0#" name="earm_noble_1990" cmeta:id="earm_noble_1990">
<documentation xmlns="http://cellml.org/tmp-documentation">
<article>
<section id="sec_status">
<title>Model Status</title>
<para>
This model has been curated by Penny Noble of Oxford University and is known to run in OpenCell and COR and reproduce the results published in the paper it is based on.
</para>
<para>This model is valid CellML and has fully consistent units</para>
</section>
<sect1 id="sec_structure">
<title>Model Structure</title>
<para>
This model is based on the paper:
A model of the single atrial cell: relation between calcium current and calcium release by Earm Y, Noble D, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, Vol. 240, No. 1297. (May 22, 1990), pp. 83-96.
</para>
<para>
ABSTRACT: The hypothesis that calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in cardiac muscle is induced by rises in free cytosolic calcium (Fabiato 1983, Am. J. Physiol 245) allows the possibility that the release could be at least partly regenerative. There would then be a non-linear relation between calcium current and calcium release. We have investigated this possibility in a single-cell version of the rabbit-atrial model developed by Hilgemann & Noble (1987, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 230). The model predicts different voltage ranges of activation for calcium-dependent processes (like the sodium-calcium exchange current, contraction or Fura-2 signals) and the calcium current, in agreement with the experimental results obtained by Earm et al. (1990, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 240) on exchange current tails, Cannell et al. (1987, Science, Wash. 238) by using Fura-2 signals, and Fedida et al. (1987, J. Physiol., Lond. 385) and Talo et al. (1988, Biology of isolated adult cardiac myocytes) by using contraction. However, when the Fura-2 concentration is sufficiently high (greater than 200 microM) the activation ranges become very similar as the buffering properties of Fura-2 are sufficient to remove the regenerative effect. It is therefore important to allow for the buffering properties of calcium indicators when investigating the correlation between calcium current and calcium release.
</para>
<informalfigure float="0" id="fig_cell_diagram">
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<objectinfo>
<title>schematic diagram of a human atrial myocyte</title>
</objectinfo>
<imagedata fileref="earm_1990.png"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
<caption>A schematic representation of the Earm and Noble 1990 model.</caption>
</informalfigure>
<para>
The complete original paper reference is cited below:
</para>
<para>
A model of the single atrial cell: relation between calcium current and calcium release, Y. E. Earm and D. Noble, 1990,
<emphasis>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences</emphasis>
, 240, 83-96. <ulink url="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1972993">PubMed ID: 1972993</ulink>
</para>
</sect1>
</article>
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<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="RTONF"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Ca_o"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Ca_i"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>E_Ca</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.5</cn>
<ci>RTONF</ci>
<apply>
<ln/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>Ca_o</ci>
<ci>Ca_i</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_b_Ca</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>g_b_Ca</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<ci>E_Ca</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="Na_Ca_exchanger">
<variable units="nanoA" public_interface="out" name="i_NaCa" cmeta:id="Na_Ca_exchanger_i_NaCa"/>
<variable units="nanoA" name="k_NaCa" initial_value="0.0001"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="n_NaCa" initial_value="3"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="d_NaCa" initial_value="0.0001"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="gamma" initial_value="0.5"/>
<variable units="second" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="RTONF"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Ca_o"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Ca_i"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Na_i"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Na_o"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_NaCa</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>k_NaCa</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>gamma</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>n_NaCa</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
</apply>
<ci>V</ci>
</apply>
<ci>RTONF</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<power/>
<ci>Na_i</ci>
<ci>n_NaCa</ci>
</apply>
<ci>Ca_o</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>gamma</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>n_NaCa</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
</apply>
<ci>V</ci>
</apply>
<ci>RTONF</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<power/>
<ci>Na_o</ci>
<ci>n_NaCa</ci>
</apply>
<ci>Ca_i</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="millimolar4">1</cn>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>d_NaCa</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>Ca_i</ci>
<apply>
<power/>
<ci>Na_o</ci>
<ci>n_NaCa</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>Ca_o</ci>
<apply>
<power/>
<ci>Na_i</ci>
<ci>n_NaCa</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>Ca_i</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millimolar">0.0069</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="potassium_background_current">
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="E_K"/>
<variable units="nanoA" public_interface="out" name="i_b_K"/>
<variable units="microS" name="g_b_K" initial_value="0.0017"/>
<variable units="second" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_b_K</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>g_b_K</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<ci>E_K</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="time_independent_potassium_current">
<variable units="nanoA" public_interface="out" name="i_K1"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="E_K"/>
<variable units="microS" name="g_K1" initial_value="0.017"/>
<variable units="millimolar" name="K_m_K1" initial_value="10"/>
<variable units="second" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="RTONF"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="K_c"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="K_i"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_K1</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>g_K1</ci>
<ci>K_c</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>K_c</ci>
<ci>K_m_K1</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<ci>E_K</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<ci>E_K</ci>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">10</cn>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
</apply>
<ci>RTONF</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="L_type_calcium_current">
<variable units="nanoA" public_interface="out" name="i_Ca_L" cmeta:id="L_type_calcium_current_i_Ca_L"/>
<variable units="nanoA" public_interface="out" name="i_Ca_L_Ca"/>
<variable units="nanoA" public_interface="out" name="i_Ca_L_K"/>
<variable units="nanoA" public_interface="out" name="i_Ca_L_Na"/>
<variable units="nanoA_per_millimolar" name="P_Ca_L" initial_value="0.05"/>
<variable units="second" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="time"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="V"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="Ca_i"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="RTONF"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Na_i"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Na_o"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Ca_o"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="K_i"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="K_c"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" private_interface="in" name="d"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" private_interface="in" name="f_Ca"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" private_interface="in" name="CaChon"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_Ca_L</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>i_Ca_L_Ca</ci>
<ci>i_Ca_L_K</ci>
<ci>i_Ca_L_Na</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_Ca_L_Ca</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">4</cn>
<ci>P_Ca_L</ci>
<ci>d</ci>
<ci>CaChon</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">50</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<ci>RTONF</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">50</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
</apply>
<ci>RTONF</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>Ca_i</ci>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">100</cn>
<ci>RTONF</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>Ca_o</ci>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">50</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
</apply>
<ci>RTONF</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_Ca_L_K</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.002</cn>
<ci>P_Ca_L</ci>
<ci>d</ci>
<ci>CaChon</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">50</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<ci>RTONF</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">50</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<ci>RTONF</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>K_i</ci>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">50</cn>
<ci>RTONF</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>K_c</ci>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">50</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<ci>RTONF</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_Ca_L_Na</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.01</cn>
<ci>P_Ca_L</ci>
<ci>d</ci>
<ci>CaChon</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">50</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<ci>RTONF</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">50</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<ci>RTONF</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>Na_i</ci>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">50</cn>
<ci>RTONF</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>Na_o</ci>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">50</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<ci>RTONF</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="L_type_calcium_current_d_gate">
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="d" initial_value="0.0011"/>
<variable units="per_second" name="alpha_d"/>
<variable units="per_second" name="beta_d"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<variable units="second" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<variable units="millivolt" name="E0_d"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>E0_d</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">19</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>alpha_d</ci>
<piecewise>
<piece>
<cn cellml:units="per_second">120</cn>
<apply>
<lt/>
<apply>
<abs/>
<ci>E0_d</ci>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">0.0001</cn>
</apply>
</piece>
<otherwise>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millivolt_second">30</cn>
<ci>E0_d</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>E0_d</ci>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">4</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</otherwise>
</piecewise>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>beta_d</ci>
<piecewise>
<piece>
<cn cellml:units="per_second">120</cn>
<apply>
<lt/>
<apply>
<abs/>
<ci>E0_d</ci>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">0.0001</cn>
</apply>
</piece>
<otherwise>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millivolt_second">12</cn>
<ci>E0_d</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>E0_d</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">10</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</otherwise>
</piecewise>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>d</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>alpha_d</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<ci>d</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>beta_d</ci>
<ci>d</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="L_type_calcium_current_f_Ca_gate">
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="f_Ca" initial_value="0.785"/>
<variable units="per_second" name="alpha_f_Ca"/>
<variable units="per_second" name="beta_f_Ca"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="CaChoff"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="CaChon"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<variable units="second" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Ca_i"/>
<variable units="millivolt" name="E0_f"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>E0_f</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">34</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>alpha_f_Ca</ci>
<piecewise>
<piece>
<cn cellml:units="per_second">25</cn>
<apply>
<lt/>
<apply>
<abs/>
<ci>E0_f</ci>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">0.0001</cn>
</apply>
</piece>
<otherwise>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millivolt_second">6.25</cn>
<ci>E0_f</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>E0_f</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">4</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</otherwise>
</piecewise>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>beta_f_Ca</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="per_second">12</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>E0_f</ci>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">4</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>f_Ca</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">120</cn>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<ci>f_Ca</ci>
</apply>
<ci>CaChoff</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<ci>f_Ca</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<ci>CaChoff</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<ci>beta_f_Ca</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>alpha_f_Ca</ci>
<ci>f_Ca</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>CaChoff</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>Ca_i</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="millimolar">0.001</cn>
<ci>Ca_i</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>CaChon</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<ci>f_Ca</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<ci>CaChoff</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="sarcoplasmic_reticulum_calcium_pump">
<variable units="millimolar_per_second" public_interface="out" name="i_up"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="K_1"/>
<variable units="millimolar" name="K_2"/>
<variable units="millimolar" name="K_cyca" initial_value="0.0003"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="K_xcs" initial_value="0.4"/>
<variable units="millimolar" name="K_srca" initial_value="0.5"/>
<variable units="millimolar_per_second" name="alpha_up" initial_value="3"/>
<variable units="millimolar_per_second" name="beta_up" initial_value="0.23"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Ca_up"/>
<variable units="second" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Ca_i"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>K_1</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>K_cyca</ci>
<ci>K_xcs</ci>
</apply>
<ci>K_srca</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>K_2</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>Ca_i</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>Ca_up</ci>
<ci>K_1</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>K_cyca</ci>
<ci>K_xcs</ci>
</apply>
<ci>K_cyca</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_up</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>Ca_i</ci>
<ci>K_2</ci>
</apply>
<ci>alpha_up</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>Ca_up</ci>
<ci>K_1</ci>
</apply>
<ci>K_2</ci>
</apply>
<ci>beta_up</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="calcium_release">
<variable units="millimolar_per_second" public_interface="out" name="i_rel"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="VoltDep"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="RegBindSite"/>
<variable units="per_second" name="ActRate"/>
<variable units="per_second" name="InactRate"/>
<variable units="per_second" name="K_leak_rate" initial_value="0"/>
<variable units="per_second" name="K_m_rel" initial_value="250"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="PrecFrac"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="ActFrac" initial_value="0"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="ProdFrac" initial_value="0"/>
<variable units="per_second" name="ProdFracRate" initial_value="1"/>
<variable units="second" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Ca_i"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Ca_rel"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>PrecFrac</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<ci>ActFrac</ci>
</apply>
<ci>ProdFrac</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>VoltDep</ci>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.08</cn>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">40</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>RegBindSite</ci>
<apply>
<power/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>Ca_i</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>Ca_i</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millimolar">0.0005</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>ActRate</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_second">600</cn>
<ci>VoltDep</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_second">500</cn>
<ci>RegBindSite</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>InactRate</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="per_second">60</cn>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_second">500</cn>
<ci>RegBindSite</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>ActFrac</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>PrecFrac</ci>
<ci>ActRate</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>ActFrac</ci>
<ci>InactRate</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>ProdFrac</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>ActFrac</ci>
<ci>InactRate</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>ProdFracRate</ci>
<ci>ProdFrac</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_rel</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<power/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>ActFrac</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>ActFrac</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.25</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
</apply>
<ci>K_m_rel</ci>
</apply>
<ci>K_leak_rate</ci>
</apply>
<ci>Ca_rel</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="calcium_translocation">
<variable units="millimolar_per_second" public_interface="out" name="i_trans"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Ca_rel"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Ca_up"/>
<variable units="per_second" name="alpha_tr" initial_value="50"/>
<variable units="second" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_trans</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>Ca_up</ci>
<ci>Ca_rel</ci>
</apply>
<ci>alpha_tr</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="extracellular_sodium_concentration">
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="out" name="Na_o" initial_value="140"/>
</component>
<component name="intracellular_sodium_concentration">
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="out" name="Na_i" initial_value="6.48"/>
<variable units="micrometre3" public_interface="in" name="V_i"/>
<variable units="second" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<variable units="coulomb_per_mole" public_interface="in" name="F"/>
<variable units="nanoA" public_interface="in" name="i_Na"/>
<variable units="nanoA" public_interface="in" name="i_b_Na"/>
<variable units="nanoA" public_interface="in" name="i_Ca_L_Na"/>
<variable units="nanoA" public_interface="in" name="i_NaK"/>
<variable units="nanoA" public_interface="in" name="i_NaCa"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>Na_i</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="mA_nA">1</cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="litre_micrometre3">1</cn>
<ci>V_i</ci>
<ci>F</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>i_Na</ci>
<ci>i_b_Na</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">3</cn>
<ci>i_NaK</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">3</cn>
<ci>i_NaCa</ci>
</apply>
<ci>i_Ca_L_Na</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="extracellular_calcium_concentration">
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="out" name="Ca_o" initial_value="2"/>
</component>
<component name="extracellular_potassium_concentration">
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="out" name="K_c" initial_value="4"/>
</component>
<component name="intracellular_potassium_concentration">
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="out" name="K_i" initial_value="140"/>
<variable units="micrometre3" public_interface="in" name="V_i"/>
<variable units="nanoA" public_interface="in" name="i_K1"/>
<variable units="nanoA" public_interface="in" name="i_Ca_L_K"/>
<variable units="nanoA" public_interface="in" name="i_to"/>
<variable units="nanoA" public_interface="in" name="i_b_K"/>
<variable units="nanoA" public_interface="in" name="i_NaK"/>
<variable units="second" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<variable units="coulomb_per_mole" public_interface="in" name="F"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>K_i</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="mA_nA">1</cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="litre_micrometre3">1</cn>
<ci>V_i</ci>
<ci>F</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>i_K1</ci>
<ci>i_Ca_L_K</ci>
<ci>i_to</ci>
<ci>i_b_K</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
<ci>i_NaK</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="intracellular_calcium_concentration">
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="out" name="Ca_i" initial_value="1e-5"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="out" cmeta:id="intracellular_calcium_concentration_Ca_up" name="Ca_up" initial_value="0.3"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="out" cmeta:id="intracellular_calcium_concentration_Ca_rel" name="Ca_rel" initial_value="0.3"/>
<variable units="millimolar" name="Ca_Calmod" initial_value="0.0005"/>
<variable units="millimolar" name="Ca_Trop" initial_value="0.0015"/>
<variable units="millimolar" name="Calmod" initial_value="0.02"/>
<variable units="millimolar" name="Trop" initial_value="0.15"/>
<variable units="per_millimolar_second" name="alpha_Calmod" initial_value="100000"/>
<variable units="per_second" name="beta_Calmod" initial_value="50"/>
<variable units="per_millimolar_second" name="alpha_Trop" initial_value="100000"/>
<variable units="per_second" name="beta_Trop" initial_value="200"/>
<variable units="micrometre" name="radius" initial_value="0.01"/>
<variable units="micrometre" name="length" initial_value="0.08"/>
<variable units="micrometre3" public_interface="out" name="V_i"/>
<variable units="micrometre3" name="V_Cell"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="V_i_ratio"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="V_rel_ratio" initial_value="0.1"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="V_e_ratio" initial_value="0.4"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="V_up_ratio" initial_value="0.01"/>
<variable units="millimolar_per_second" public_interface="in" name="i_up"/>
<variable units="millimolar_per_second" public_interface="in" name="i_trans"/>
<variable units="millimolar_per_second" public_interface="in" name="i_rel"/>
<variable units="nanoA" public_interface="in" name="i_NaCa"/>
<variable units="nanoA" public_interface="in" name="i_Ca_L_Ca"/>
<variable units="nanoA" public_interface="in" name="i_b_Ca"/>
<variable units="coulomb_per_mole" public_interface="in" name="F"/>
<variable units="second" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>V_Cell</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">3.141592654</cn>
<apply>
<power/>
<ci>radius</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
</apply>
<ci>length</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>V_i_ratio</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<ci>V_e_ratio</ci>
</apply>
<ci>V_up_ratio</ci>
</apply>
<ci>V_rel_ratio</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>V_i</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>V_Cell</ci>
<ci>V_i_ratio</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>Ca_i</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="mA_nA">1</cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
<cn cellml:units="litre_micrometre3">1</cn>
<ci>V_i</ci>
<ci>F</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>i_Ca_L_Ca</ci>
<ci>i_b_Ca</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
<ci>i_NaCa</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>i_rel</ci>
<ci>V_rel_ratio</ci>
</apply>
<ci>V_i_ratio</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>Ca_Calmod</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>Ca_Trop</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<ci>i_up</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>Ca_up</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>V_i_ratio</ci>
<ci>V_up_ratio</ci>
</apply>
<ci>i_up</ci>
</apply>
<ci>i_trans</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>Ca_rel</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>V_up_ratio</ci>
<ci>V_rel_ratio</ci>
</apply>
<ci>i_trans</ci>
</apply>
<ci>i_rel</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>Ca_Calmod</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>alpha_Calmod</ci>
<ci>Ca_i</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>Calmod</ci>
<ci>Ca_Calmod</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>beta_Calmod</ci>
<ci>Ca_Calmod</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>Ca_Trop</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>alpha_Trop</ci>
<ci>Ca_i</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>Trop</ci>
<ci>Ca_Trop</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>beta_Trop</ci>
<ci>Ca_Trop</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<group>
<relationship_ref relationship="containment"/>
<component_ref component="membrane">
<component_ref component="fast_sodium_current">
<component_ref component="fast_sodium_current_m_gate"/>
<component_ref component="fast_sodium_current_h_gate"/>
</component_ref>
<component_ref component="sodium_potassium_pump"/>
<component_ref component="sodium_background_current"/>
<component_ref component="calcium_background_current"/>
<component_ref component="Na_Ca_exchanger"/>
<component_ref component="potassium_background_current"/>
<component_ref component="time_independent_potassium_current"/>
<component_ref component="transient_outward_current">
<component_ref component="transient_outward_current_s_gate"/>
<component_ref component="transient_outward_current_r_gate"/>
</component_ref>
<component_ref component="L_type_calcium_current">
<component_ref component="L_type_calcium_current_d_gate"/>
<component_ref component="L_type_calcium_current_f_Ca_gate"/>
</component_ref>
<component_ref component="sarcoplasmic_reticulum_calcium_pump"/>
<component_ref component="calcium_release"/>
<component_ref component="calcium_translocation"/>
<component_ref component="extracellular_potassium_concentration"/>
<component_ref component="intracellular_potassium_concentration"/>
<component_ref component="extracellular_sodium_concentration"/>
<component_ref component="intracellular_sodium_concentration"/>
<component_ref component="extracellular_calcium_concentration"/>
<component_ref component="intracellular_calcium_concentration"/>
</component_ref>
</group>
<group>
<relationship_ref relationship="encapsulation"/>
<component_ref component="fast_sodium_current">
<component_ref component="fast_sodium_current_m_gate"/>
<component_ref component="fast_sodium_current_h_gate"/>
</component_ref>
<component_ref component="transient_outward_current">
<component_ref component="transient_outward_current_r_gate"/>
<component_ref component="transient_outward_current_s_gate"/>
</component_ref>
<component_ref component="L_type_calcium_current">
<component_ref component="L_type_calcium_current_d_gate"/>
<component_ref component="L_type_calcium_current_f_Ca_gate"/>
</component_ref>
</group>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="membrane"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="intracellular_sodium_concentration" component_1="environment"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="intracellular_potassium_concentration" component_1="environment"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="intracellular_calcium_concentration" component_1="environment"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="fast_sodium_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="sodium_potassium_pump"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="sodium_background_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="calcium_background_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="Na_Ca_exchanger"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="potassium_background_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="time_independent_potassium_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="transient_outward_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="L_type_calcium_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="sarcoplasmic_reticulum_calcium_pump"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="calcium_release"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="calcium_translocation"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="membrane" component_1="fast_sodium_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_Na" variable_1="i_Na"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
<map_variables variable_2="RTONF" variable_1="RTONF"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="membrane" component_1="transient_outward_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_to" variable_1="i_to"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
<map_variables variable_2="RTONF" variable_1="RTONF"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="membrane" component_1="sodium_potassium_pump"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_NaK" variable_1="i_NaK"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="membrane" component_1="sodium_background_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_b_Na" variable_1="i_b_Na"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
<map_variables variable_2="RTONF" variable_1="RTONF"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="membrane" component_1="calcium_background_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_b_Ca" variable_1="i_b_Ca"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
<map_variables variable_2="RTONF" variable_1="RTONF"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="membrane" component_1="Na_Ca_exchanger"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_NaCa" variable_1="i_NaCa"/>
<map_variables variable_2="RTONF" variable_1="RTONF"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="membrane" component_1="potassium_background_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_b_K" variable_1="i_b_K"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="membrane" component_1="time_independent_potassium_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_K1" variable_1="i_K1"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
<map_variables variable_2="RTONF" variable_1="RTONF"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="membrane" component_1="L_type_calcium_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_Ca_L" variable_1="i_Ca_L"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
<map_variables variable_2="RTONF" variable_1="RTONF"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="membrane" component_1="calcium_release"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="intracellular_sodium_concentration" component_1="membrane"/>
<map_variables variable_2="F" variable_1="F"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="intracellular_potassium_concentration" component_1="membrane"/>
<map_variables variable_2="F" variable_1="F"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="intracellular_calcium_concentration" component_1="membrane"/>
<map_variables variable_2="F" variable_1="F"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="extracellular_sodium_concentration" component_1="fast_sodium_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="Na_o" variable_1="Na_o"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="intracellular_sodium_concentration" component_1="fast_sodium_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="Na_i" variable_1="Na_i"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_Na" variable_1="i_Na"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="extracellular_potassium_concentration" component_1="fast_sodium_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="K_c" variable_1="K_c"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="intracellular_potassium_concentration" component_1="fast_sodium_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="K_i" variable_1="K_i"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="intracellular_sodium_concentration" component_1="sodium_potassium_pump"/>
<map_variables variable_2="Na_i" variable_1="Na_i"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_NaK" variable_1="i_NaK"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="intracellular_potassium_concentration" component_1="sodium_potassium_pump"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_NaK" variable_1="i_NaK"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="extracellular_potassium_concentration" component_1="sodium_potassium_pump"/>
<map_variables variable_2="K_c" variable_1="K_c"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="Na_Ca_exchanger" component_1="intracellular_calcium_concentration"/>
<map_variables variable_2="Ca_i" variable_1="Ca_i"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_NaCa" variable_1="i_NaCa"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="Na_Ca_exchanger" component_1="intracellular_sodium_concentration"/>
<map_variables variable_2="Na_i" variable_1="Na_i"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_NaCa" variable_1="i_NaCa"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="Na_Ca_exchanger" component_1="extracellular_sodium_concentration"/>
<map_variables variable_2="Na_o" variable_1="Na_o"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="Na_Ca_exchanger" component_1="extracellular_calcium_concentration"/>
<map_variables variable_2="Ca_o" variable_1="Ca_o"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="intracellular_sodium_concentration" component_1="sodium_background_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="Na_i" variable_1="Na_i"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_b_Na" variable_1="i_b_Na"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="extracellular_sodium_concentration" component_1="sodium_background_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="Na_o" variable_1="Na_o"/>
</connection>
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<dc:title>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences</dc:title>
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<dc:publisher>Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, University of Oxford</dc:publisher>
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