- Author:
- pmr2.import <nobody@models.cellml.org>
- Date:
- 2009-06-17 15:00:26+12:00
- Desc:
- committing version03 of lindblad_murphey_clark_giles_1996
- Permanent Source URI:
- http://models.cellml.org/workspace/lindblad_murphey_clark_giles_1996/rawfile/dc8211a93fca71069ca96c17673420d73b39dbf5/lindblad_murphey_clark_giles_1996.cellml
<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
<!--
This CellML file was generated on 22/01/2008 at 14:33:59 using:
COR (0.9.31.857)
Copyright 2002-2008 Dr Alan Garny
http://COR.physiol.ox.ac.uk/ - COR@physiol.ox.ac.uk
CellML 1.0 was used to generate this cellular model
http://www.CellML.org/
--><model xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" xmlns:cmeta="http://www.cellml.org/metadata/1.0#" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:bqs="http://www.cellml.org/bqs/1.0#" xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" xmlns:dcterms="http://purl.org/dc/terms/" xmlns:vCard="http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#" xmlns:ns7="http://www.cellml.org/metadata/simulation/1.0#" name="lindblad_murphey_clark_giles_1996" cmeta:id="lindblad_murphey_clark_giles_1996">
<documentation xmlns="http://cellml.org/tmp-documentation">
<article>
<section id="sec_status">
<title>Model Status</title>
<para>
This model has been curated and is known to run in PCEnv and COR and reproduce the results published in the publication on which it is based.
</para>
</section>
<sect1 id="sec_structure">
<title>Model Structure</title>
<para>
This model is based on the paper:
</para>
<para>
"A Model of the Action Potential and Underlying Membrane Currents in a Rabbit Atrial Cell"
</para>
<para>
by D. S. Lindblad, C. R. Murphey, J. W. Clark and W. R. Giles
</para>
<para>
AJP - Heart and Circulatory Physiology, Vol 271, Issue 4 1666-H1696
</para>
<para>
ABSTRACT:
</para>
<para>
We have developed a mathematical model of the rabbit atrial myocyte and have used it in an examination of the ionic basis of the atrial action potential. Available biophysical data have been incorporated into the model to quantify the specific ultrastructural morphology, intracellular ion buffering, and time- and voltage-dependent currents and transport mechanisms of the rabbit atrial cell. When possible, mathematical expressions describing ionic currents identified in rabbit atrium are based on whole cell voltage-clamp data from enzymatically isolated rabbit atrial myocytes. This membrane model is coupled to equations describing Na+, K+, and Ca2+ homeostasis, including the uptake and release of Ca2+ by the sarcoplasmic reticulum and Ca2+ buffering. The resulting formulation can accurately simulate the whole cell voltage-clamp data on which it is based and provides fits to a family of rabbit atrial cell action potentials obtained at 35 degrees C over a range of stimulus rates (0.2-3.0 Hz). The model is utilized to provide a qualitative prediction of the intracellular Ca2+ concentration transient during the action potential and to illustrate the interactions between membrane currents that underlie repolarization in the rabbit atrial myocyte.
</para>
<informalfigure float="0" id="fig_cell_diagram">
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<objectinfo>
<title>schematic diagram of Linblad et al 1996 model</title>
</objectinfo>
<imagedata fileref="linblad_1996.png"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
<caption>A schematic representation of the Linblad et al 1996 model.</caption>
</informalfigure>
<para>
The complete original paper reference is cited below:
</para>
<para>
<ulink url="http://ajpheart.physiology.org/cgi/content/abstract/271/4/H1666">A model of the action potential and underlying membrane currents in a rabbit atrial cell</ulink>, D. S. Lindblad, C. R. Murphey, J. W. Clark and W. R. Giles, 1996 <ulink url="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8897964">PubMed ID: 8897964</ulink>
</para>
</sect1>
</article>
</documentation>
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<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">0.95</cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">6.6</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>tau_d_L</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>alpha_d_L</ci>
<ci>beta_d_L</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>d_L</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>d_L_infinity</ci>
<ci>d_L</ci>
</apply>
<ci>tau_d_L</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="L_type_Ca_channel_f_L_gate">
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="f_L" initial_value="0.99981"/>
<variable units="millivolt" name="E0_f_L"/>
<variable units="per_second" name="alpha_f_L"/>
<variable units="per_second" name="beta_f_L"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="f_L_infinity"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="x_f"/>
<variable units="second" name="tau_f_L"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<variable units="second" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>E0_f_L</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">28</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>alpha_f_L</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millivolt_second">8.49</cn>
<ci>E0_f_L</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>E0_f_L</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">4</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>beta_f_L</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="per_second">67.922</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>E0_f_L</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">4</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>f_L_infinity</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>alpha_f_L</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>alpha_f_L</ci>
<ci>beta_f_L</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>x_f</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">37.427</cn>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">20.213</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>tau_f_L</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="second">0.211</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>x_f</ci>
</apply>
<ci>x_f</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="second">0.015</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>f_L</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>f_L_infinity</ci>
<ci>f_L</ci>
</apply>
<ci>tau_f_L</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="T_type_Ca_channel">
<variable units="picoA" public_interface="out" name="i_Ca_T"/>
<variable units="nanoS" name="g_Ca_T" initial_value="0.006"/>
<variable units="millivolt" name="E_Ca_T" initial_value="38"/>
<variable units="second" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="time"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="V"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" private_interface="in" name="d_T"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" private_interface="in" name="f_T"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_Ca_T</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>g_Ca_T</ci>
<ci>d_T</ci>
<ci>f_T</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<ci>E_Ca_T</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="T_type_Ca_channel_d_T_gate">
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="d_T" initial_value="4.6e-4"/>
<variable units="millivolt" name="E0_d_T"/>
<variable units="per_second" name="alpha_d_T"/>
<variable units="per_second" name="beta_d_T"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="d_T_infinity"/>
<variable units="second" name="tau_d_T"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<variable units="second" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>E0_d_T</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">23</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>alpha_d_T</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_second">674.173</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>E0_d_T</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">30</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>beta_d_T</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_second">674.173</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>E0_d_T</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">30</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>d_T_infinity</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>E0_d_T</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">6.1</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>tau_d_T</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>alpha_d_T</ci>
<ci>beta_d_T</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>d_T</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>d_T_infinity</ci>
<ci>d_T</ci>
</apply>
<ci>tau_d_T</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="T_type_Ca_channel_f_T_gate">
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="f_T" initial_value="0.30752"/>
<variable units="millivolt" name="E0_f_T"/>
<variable units="per_second" name="alpha_f_T"/>
<variable units="per_second" name="beta_f_T"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="f_T_infinity"/>
<variable units="second" name="tau_f_T"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<variable units="second" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>E0_f_T</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">75</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>alpha_f_T</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_second">9.637</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>E0_f_T</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">83.333</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>beta_f_T</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_second">9.637</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>E0_f_T</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">15.385</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>f_T_infinity</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>alpha_f_T</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>alpha_f_T</ci>
<ci>beta_f_T</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>tau_f_T</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>alpha_f_T</ci>
<ci>beta_f_T</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>f_T</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>f_T_infinity</ci>
<ci>f_T</ci>
</apply>
<ci>tau_f_T</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="Ca_independent_transient_outward_K_current">
<variable units="picoA" public_interface="out" name="i_to"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="out" name="E_K"/>
<variable units="nanoS" name="g_to" initial_value="0.050002"/>
<variable units="second" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="time"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="V"/>
<variable units="millijoule_per_mole_kelvin" public_interface="in" name="R"/>
<variable units="coulomb_per_mole" public_interface="in" name="F"/>
<variable units="kelvin" public_interface="in" name="T"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="K_c"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="K_i"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" private_interface="in" name="r"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" private_interface="in" name="s1"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" private_interface="in" name="s2"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" private_interface="in" name="s3"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>E_K</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>R</ci>
<ci>T</ci>
</apply>
<ci>F</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<ln/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>K_c</ci>
<ci>K_i</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_to</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>g_to</ci>
<ci>r</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.59</cn>
<apply>
<power/>
<ci>s1</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">3</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.41</cn>
<apply>
<power/>
<ci>s2</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">3</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.6</cn>
<apply>
<power/>
<ci>s3</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">6</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.4</cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<ci>E_K</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="Ca_independent_transient_outward_K_current_r_gate">
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="r" initial_value="6e-5"/>
<variable units="per_second" name="alpha_r"/>
<variable units="per_second" name="beta_r"/>
<variable units="second" name="tau_r"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="r_infinity"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<variable units="second" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>alpha_r</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_second">386.6</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">12</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>beta_r</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_second">8.011</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>V</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">7.2</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>r_infinity</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">15</cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">5.633</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>tau_r</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>alpha_r</ci>
<ci>beta_r</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="second">4e-4</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>r</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>r_infinity</ci>
<ci>r</ci>
</apply>
<ci>tau_r</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="Ca_independent_transient_outward_K_current_s1_gate">
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="s1" initial_value="0.5753"/>
<variable units="second" name="tau_s1"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="s1_infinity"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<variable units="second" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>s1_infinity</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">28.29</cn>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">7.06</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>tau_s1</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="second">0.5466</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">32.8</cn>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">0.1</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="second">0.0204</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>s1</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>s1_infinity</ci>
<ci>s1</ci>
</apply>
<ci>tau_s1</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="Ca_independent_transient_outward_K_current_s2_gate">
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="s2" initial_value="0.39871"/>
<variable units="second" name="tau_s2"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="s2_infinity"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<variable units="second" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>s2_infinity</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">28.29</cn>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">7.06</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>tau_s2</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="second">5.75</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">32.8</cn>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">0.1</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="second">0.45</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">13.54</cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">13.97</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>s2</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>s2_infinity</ci>
<ci>s2</ci>
</apply>
<ci>tau_s2</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="Ca_independent_transient_outward_K_current_s3_gate">
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="s3" initial_value="0.57363"/>
<variable units="second" name="tau_s3"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="s3_infinity"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<variable units="second" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>s3_infinity</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">50.67</cn>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">27.38</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.666</cn>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1.666</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>tau_s3</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="second">7.5</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">23</cn>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">0.5</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="second">0.5</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>s3</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>s3_infinity</ci>
<ci>s3</ci>
</apply>
<ci>tau_s3</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="delayed_rectifier_K_current">
<variable units="picoA" public_interface="out" name="i_Ks"/>
<variable units="picoA" public_interface="out" name="i_Kr"/>
<variable units="nanoS" name="g_Ks" initial_value="0.0025"/>
<variable units="nanoS" name="g_Kr" initial_value="0.0035"/>
<variable units="second" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="time"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="V"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="E_K"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" private_interface="in" name="z"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" private_interface="in" name="p_a"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" private_interface="in" name="p_i"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_Ks</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>g_Ks</ci>
<ci>z</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<ci>E_K</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_Kr</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>g_Kr</ci>
<ci>p_a</ci>
<ci>p_i</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<ci>E_K</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="delayed_rectifier_K_current_z_gate">
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="z" initial_value="0.02032"/>
<variable units="per_second" name="alpha_z"/>
<variable units="per_second" name="beta_z"/>
<variable units="second" name="tau_z"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="z_infinity"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<variable units="second" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>alpha_z</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_second">1.66</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">69.452</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>beta_z</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_second">0.3</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>V</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">21.826</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>z_infinity</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">0.9</cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">13.8</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>tau_z</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>alpha_z</ci>
<ci>beta_z</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="second">0.06</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>z</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>z_infinity</ci>
<ci>z</ci>
</apply>
<ci>tau_z</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="delayed_rectifier_K_current_pa_gate">
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="p_a" initial_value="1.6e-4"/>
<variable units="per_second" name="alpha_p_a"/>
<variable units="per_second" name="beta_p_a"/>
<variable units="second" name="tau_p_a"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="p_a_infinity"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<variable units="second" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>alpha_p_a</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_second">9</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">25.371</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>beta_p_a</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_second">1.3</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>V</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">13.026</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>p_a_infinity</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">5.1</cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">7.4</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>tau_p_a</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>alpha_p_a</ci>
<ci>beta_p_a</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>p_a</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>p_a_infinity</ci>
<ci>p_a</ci>
</apply>
<ci>tau_p_a</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="delayed_rectifier_K_current_pi_gate">
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="p_i" initial_value="0.76898"/>
<variable units="per_second" name="alpha_p_i"/>
<variable units="per_second" name="beta_p_i"/>
<variable units="second" name="tau_p_i"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="p_i_infinity"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<variable units="second" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>alpha_p_i</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_second">100</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>V</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">54.645</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>beta_p_i</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_second">656</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">106.157</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>p_i_infinity</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">47.3921</cn>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">18.6603</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>tau_p_i</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>alpha_p_i</ci>
<ci>beta_p_i</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>p_i</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>p_i_infinity</ci>
<ci>p_i</ci>
</apply>
<ci>tau_p_i</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="inward_rectifier">
<variable units="picoA" public_interface="out" name="i_K1"/>
<variable units="nanoS" name="g_K1" initial_value="0.005088"/>
<variable units="millimolar" name="KmK1" initial_value="0.59"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="steepK1" initial_value="1.393"/>
<variable units="millivolt" name="shiftK1" initial_value="-3.6"/>
<variable units="second" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<variable units="millijoule_per_mole_kelvin" public_interface="in" name="R"/>
<variable units="coulomb_per_mole" public_interface="in" name="F"/>
<variable units="kelvin" public_interface="in" name="T"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="K_c"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="E_K"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_K1</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>g_K1</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<ci>E_K</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<power/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>K_c</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>K_c</ci>
<ci>KmK1</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">3</cn>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>steepK1</ci>
<ci>F</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<ci>E_K</ci>
</apply>
<ci>shiftK1</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>R</ci>
<ci>T</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="background_currents">
<variable units="picoA" public_interface="out" name="i_B_Na"/>
<variable units="picoA" public_interface="out" name="i_B_Ca"/>
<variable units="picoA" public_interface="out" name="i_B_Cl"/>
<variable units="nanoS" name="g_B_Na" initial_value="6.4e-5"/>
<variable units="nanoS" name="g_B_Ca" initial_value="3.1e-5"/>
<variable units="nanoS" name="g_B_Cl" initial_value="1.2e-4"/>
<variable units="millivolt" name="E_Ca"/>
<variable units="millivolt" name="E_Cl"/>
<variable units="millivolt" name="E_B_Cl"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="E_Na"/>
<variable units="millijoule_per_mole_kelvin" public_interface="in" name="R"/>
<variable units="coulomb_per_mole" public_interface="in" name="F"/>
<variable units="kelvin" public_interface="in" name="T"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Ca_c"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Ca_i"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Cl_c"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Cl_i"/>
<variable units="second" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>E_Ca</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>R</ci>
<ci>T</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
<ci>F</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<ln/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>Ca_c</ci>
<ci>Ca_i</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>E_Cl</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>R</ci>
<ci>T</ci>
</apply>
<ci>F</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<ln/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>Cl_i</ci>
<ci>Cl_c</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>E_B_Cl</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>E_Cl</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.49</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>E_Cl</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">30.59</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_B_Na</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>g_B_Na</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<ci>E_Na</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_B_Ca</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>g_B_Ca</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<ci>E_Ca</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_B_Cl</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>g_B_Cl</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<ci>E_B_Cl</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>E_Cl</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">36.95</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">74.514</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="sodium_potassium_pump">
<variable units="picoA" public_interface="out" name="i_p"/>
<variable units="millimolar" name="k_NaK_K" initial_value="1"/>
<variable units="millimolar" name="k_NaK_Na" initial_value="11"/>
<variable units="picoA" name="i_NaK_max" initial_value="0.06441"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="K_c"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Na_i"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<variable units="second" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_p</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>i_NaK_max</ci>
<ci>K_c</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>K_c</ci>
<ci>k_NaK_K</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<power/>
<ci>Na_i</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1.5</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<power/>
<ci>Na_i</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1.5</cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<power/>
<ci>k_NaK_Na</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1.5</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1.6</cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1.5</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">60</cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">40</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="sarcolemmal_calcium_pump_current">
<variable units="picoA" public_interface="out" name="i_CaP"/>
<variable units="picoA" name="i_CaP_max" initial_value="0.009509"/>
<variable units="millimolar" name="k_CaP" initial_value="2e-4"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Ca_i"/>
<variable units="second" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_CaP</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>i_CaP_max</ci>
<ci>Ca_i</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>Ca_i</ci>
<ci>k_CaP</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="Na_Ca_ion_exchanger_current">
<variable units="picoA" public_interface="out" name="i_NaCa"/>
<variable units="picoA_per_millimolar_4" name="k_NaCa" initial_value="2e-5"/>
<variable units="per_millimolar_4" name="d_NaCa" initial_value="3e-4"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="gamma" initial_value="0.45"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Na_i"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Na_c"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Ca_i"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Ca_c"/>
<variable units="millijoule_per_mole_kelvin" public_interface="in" name="R"/>
<variable units="coulomb_per_mole" public_interface="in" name="F"/>
<variable units="kelvin" public_interface="in" name="T"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<variable units="second" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_NaCa</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>k_NaCa</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<power/>
<ci>Na_i</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">3</cn>
</apply>
<ci>Ca_c</ci>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>gamma</ci>
<ci>F</ci>
<ci>V</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>R</ci>
<ci>T</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<power/>
<ci>Na_c</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">3</cn>
</apply>
<ci>Ca_i</ci>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>gamma</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
</apply>
<ci>V</ci>
<ci>F</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>R</ci>
<ci>T</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>d_NaCa</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<power/>
<ci>Na_c</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">3</cn>
</apply>
<ci>Ca_i</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<power/>
<ci>Na_i</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">3</cn>
</apply>
<ci>Ca_c</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>Ca_i</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millimolar">0.0069</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="intracellular_ion_concentrations">
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="out" name="Na_i" initial_value="8.4"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="out" name="Ca_i" initial_value="7.305e-5"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="out" name="K_i" initial_value="100"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="out" name="Cl_i" initial_value="30"/>
<variable units="nanolitre" public_interface="out" name="Vol_i" initial_value="1.26e-5"/>
<variable units="nanolitre" name="Vol_Ca" initial_value="5.884e-6"/>
<variable units="second" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<variable units="coulomb_per_mole" public_interface="in" name="F"/>
<variable units="picoA" public_interface="in" name="i_Na"/>
<variable units="picoA" public_interface="in" name="i_Ca_L"/>
<variable units="picoA" public_interface="in" name="i_Ca_T"/>
<variable units="picoA" public_interface="in" name="i_B_Na"/>
<variable units="picoA" public_interface="in" name="i_NaCa"/>
<variable units="picoA" public_interface="in" name="i_p"/>
<variable units="picoA" public_interface="in" name="i_Kr"/>
<variable units="picoA" public_interface="in" name="i_Ks"/>
<variable units="picoA" public_interface="in" name="i_K1"/>
<variable units="picoA" public_interface="in" name="i_to"/>
<variable units="picoA" public_interface="in" name="i_CaP"/>
<variable units="picoA" public_interface="in" name="i_B_Ca"/>
<variable units="picoA" public_interface="in" name="i_up"/>
<variable units="picoA" public_interface="in" name="i_rel"/>
<variable units="per_second" public_interface="in" name="dOCdt"/>
<variable units="per_second" public_interface="in" name="dOTCdt"/>
<variable units="per_second" public_interface="in" name="dOTMgCdt"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>Na_i</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>i_Na</ci>
<ci>i_B_Na</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">3</cn>
<ci>i_p</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">3</cn>
<ci>i_NaCa</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>Vol_i</ci>
<ci>F</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>K_i</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>i_to</ci>
<ci>i_K1</ci>
<ci>i_Kr</ci>
<ci>i_Ks</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
<ci>i_p</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>Vol_i</ci>
<ci>F</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>Ca_i</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>i_Ca_L</ci>
<ci>i_Ca_T</ci>
<ci>i_B_Ca</ci>
<ci>i_CaP</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
<ci>i_NaCa</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<ci>i_up</ci>
</apply>
<ci>i_rel</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
<ci>Vol_Ca</ci>
<ci>F</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="millimolar">0.08</cn>
<ci>dOTCdt</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="millimolar">0.16</cn>
<ci>dOTMgCdt</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="millimolar">0.045</cn>
<ci>dOCdt</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="intracellular_Ca_buffering">
<variable units="dimensionless" name="O_C" initial_value="0.02981"/>
<variable units="per_second" public_interface="out" name="dOCdt"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="O_TC" initial_value="0.01442"/>
<variable units="per_second" public_interface="out" name="dOTCdt"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="O_TMgC" initial_value="0.23532"/>
<variable units="per_second" public_interface="out" name="dOTMgCdt"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="O_TMgMg" initial_value="0.67476"/>
<variable units="millimolar" name="Mg_i" initial_value="2.5"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Ca_i"/>
<variable units="second" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>dOCdt</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millimolar_second">200000</cn>
<ci>Ca_i</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<ci>O_C</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_second">476</cn>
<ci>O_C</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>O_C</ci>
</apply>
<ci>dOCdt</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>dOTCdt</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millimolar_second">78400</cn>
<ci>Ca_i</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<ci>O_TC</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_second">392</cn>
<ci>O_TC</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>O_TC</ci>
</apply>
<ci>dOTCdt</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>dOTMgCdt</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millimolar_second">200000</cn>
<ci>Ca_i</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<ci>O_TMgC</ci>
</apply>
<ci>O_TMgMg</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_second">6.6</cn>
<ci>O_TMgC</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>O_TMgC</ci>
</apply>
<ci>dOTMgCdt</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>O_TMgMg</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millimolar_second">2000</cn>
<ci>Mg_i</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<ci>O_TMgC</ci>
</apply>
<ci>O_TMgMg</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_second">666</cn>
<ci>O_TMgMg</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="cleft_space_ion_concentrations">
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="out" name="Na_c" initial_value="140"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="out" name="Ca_c" initial_value="2.5"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="out" name="K_c" initial_value="5"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="out" name="Cl_c" initial_value="132"/>
</component>
<component name="Ca_handling_by_the_SR">
<variable units="picoA" public_interface="out" name="i_rel"/>
<variable units="picoA" public_interface="out" name="i_up"/>
<variable units="picoA" name="i_tr"/>
<variable units="picoA" name="I_up_max" initial_value="2.8"/>
<variable units="millimolar" name="k_cyca" initial_value="0.0003"/>
<variable units="millimolar" name="k_srca" initial_value="0.5"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="k_xcs" initial_value="0.4"/>
<variable units="picoA_per_millimolar" name="alpha_rel" initial_value="200"/>
<variable units="millimolar" name="Ca_rel" initial_value="0.59984"/>
<variable units="millimolar" name="Ca_up" initial_value="0.64913"/>
<variable units="nanolitre" name="Vol_up" initial_value="3.969e-7"/>
<variable units="nanolitre" name="Vol_rel" initial_value="4.41e-8"/>
<variable units="per_second" name="r_act"/>
<variable units="per_second" name="r_inact"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="O_Calse" initial_value="0.41837"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="F1" initial_value="0.21603"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="F2" initial_value="0.00205"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="F3" initial_value="0.68492"/>
<variable units="second" name="tau_tr" initial_value="0.01"/>
<variable units="millimolar" name="k_rel" initial_value="0.0003"/>
<variable units="per_second" name="k_F3" initial_value="0.815"/>
<variable units="second" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Ca_i"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<variable units="coulomb_per_mole" public_interface="in" name="F"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>O_Calse</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millimolar_second">480</cn>
<ci>Ca_rel</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<ci>O_Calse</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_second">400</cn>
<ci>O_Calse</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>Ca_rel</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>i_tr</ci>
<ci>i_rel</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
<ci>Vol_rel</ci>
<ci>F</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="millimolar">31</cn>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>O_Calse</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>Ca_up</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>i_up</ci>
<ci>i_tr</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
<ci>Vol_up</ci>
<ci>F</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>F1</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>k_F3</ci>
<ci>F3</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>r_act</ci>
<ci>F1</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>F2</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>r_act</ci>
<ci>F1</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>r_inact</ci>
<ci>F2</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>F3</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>F2</ci>
<ci>r_inact</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>k_F3</ci>
<ci>F3</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>r_act</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_second">203.8</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.08</cn>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">40</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_second">203.8</cn>
<apply>
<power/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>Ca_i</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>Ca_i</ci>
<ci>k_rel</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">4</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>r_inact</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="per_second">33.96</cn>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_second">339.6</cn>
<apply>
<power/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>Ca_i</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>Ca_i</ci>
<ci>k_rel</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">4</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_up</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>I_up_max</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>Ca_i</ci>
<ci>k_cyca</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<power/>
<ci>k_xcs</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
</apply>
<ci>Ca_up</ci>
</apply>
<ci>k_srca</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>Ca_i</ci>
<ci>k_cyca</ci>
</apply>
<ci>k_cyca</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>k_xcs</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>Ca_up</ci>
<ci>k_srca</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<ci>k_srca</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_tr</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>Ca_up</ci>
<ci>Ca_rel</ci>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
<ci>F</ci>
<ci>Vol_rel</ci>
</apply>
<ci>tau_tr</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_rel</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>alpha_rel</ci>
<apply>
<power/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>F2</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>F2</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.25</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>Ca_rel</ci>
<ci>Ca_i</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<group>
<relationship_ref relationship="containment"/>
<component_ref component="membrane">
<component_ref component="sodium_current">
<component_ref component="sodium_current_m_gate"/>
<component_ref component="sodium_current_h1_gate"/>
<component_ref component="sodium_current_h2_gate"/>
</component_ref>
<component_ref component="L_type_Ca_channel">
<component_ref component="L_type_Ca_channel_d_L_gate"/>
<component_ref component="L_type_Ca_channel_f_L_gate"/>
</component_ref>
<component_ref component="T_type_Ca_channel">
<component_ref component="T_type_Ca_channel_d_T_gate"/>
<component_ref component="T_type_Ca_channel_f_T_gate"/>
</component_ref>
<component_ref component="Ca_independent_transient_outward_K_current">
<component_ref component="Ca_independent_transient_outward_K_current_r_gate"/>
<component_ref component="Ca_independent_transient_outward_K_current_s1_gate"/>
<component_ref component="Ca_independent_transient_outward_K_current_s2_gate"/>
<component_ref component="Ca_independent_transient_outward_K_current_s3_gate"/>
</component_ref>
<component_ref component="delayed_rectifier_K_current">
<component_ref component="delayed_rectifier_K_current_z_gate"/>
<component_ref component="delayed_rectifier_K_current_pa_gate"/>
<component_ref component="delayed_rectifier_K_current_pi_gate"/>
</component_ref>
<component_ref component="inward_rectifier"/>
<component_ref component="background_currents"/>
<component_ref component="sodium_potassium_pump"/>
<component_ref component="sarcolemmal_calcium_pump_current"/>
<component_ref component="Na_Ca_ion_exchanger_current"/>
<component_ref component="Ca_handling_by_the_SR"/>
<component_ref component="intracellular_ion_concentrations"/>
<component_ref component="intracellular_Ca_buffering"/>
<component_ref component="cleft_space_ion_concentrations"/>
</component_ref>
</group>
<group>
<relationship_ref relationship="encapsulation"/>
<component_ref component="sodium_current">
<component_ref component="sodium_current_m_gate"/>
<component_ref component="sodium_current_h1_gate"/>
<component_ref component="sodium_current_h2_gate"/>
</component_ref>
<component_ref component="L_type_Ca_channel">
<component_ref component="L_type_Ca_channel_d_L_gate"/>
<component_ref component="L_type_Ca_channel_f_L_gate"/>
</component_ref>
<component_ref component="T_type_Ca_channel">
<component_ref component="T_type_Ca_channel_d_T_gate"/>
<component_ref component="T_type_Ca_channel_f_T_gate"/>
</component_ref>
<component_ref component="Ca_independent_transient_outward_K_current">
<component_ref component="Ca_independent_transient_outward_K_current_r_gate"/>
<component_ref component="Ca_independent_transient_outward_K_current_s1_gate"/>
<component_ref component="Ca_independent_transient_outward_K_current_s2_gate"/>
<component_ref component="Ca_independent_transient_outward_K_current_s3_gate"/>
</component_ref>
<component_ref component="delayed_rectifier_K_current">
<component_ref component="delayed_rectifier_K_current_z_gate"/>
<component_ref component="delayed_rectifier_K_current_pa_gate"/>
<component_ref component="delayed_rectifier_K_current_pi_gate"/>
</component_ref>
</group>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="membrane"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="sodium_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="L_type_Ca_channel"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="T_type_Ca_channel"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="Ca_independent_transient_outward_K_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="delayed_rectifier_K_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="inward_rectifier"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="background_currents"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="sodium_potassium_pump"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="sarcolemmal_calcium_pump_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="Na_Ca_ion_exchanger_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="Ca_handling_by_the_SR"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="intracellular_Ca_buffering"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="intracellular_ion_concentrations"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="sodium_current" component_1="membrane"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
<map_variables variable_2="R" variable_1="R"/>
<map_variables variable_2="T" variable_1="T"/>
<map_variables variable_2="F" variable_1="F"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_Na" variable_1="i_Na"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="L_type_Ca_channel" component_1="membrane"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_Ca_L" variable_1="i_Ca_L"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="T_type_Ca_channel" component_1="membrane"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_Ca_T" variable_1="i_Ca_T"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="Ca_independent_transient_outward_K_current" component_1="membrane"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_to" variable_1="i_to"/>
<map_variables variable_2="R" variable_1="R"/>
<map_variables variable_2="T" variable_1="T"/>
<map_variables variable_2="F" variable_1="F"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="inward_rectifier" component_1="membrane"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_K1" variable_1="i_K1"/>
<map_variables variable_2="R" variable_1="R"/>
<map_variables variable_2="T" variable_1="T"/>
<map_variables variable_2="F" variable_1="F"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="delayed_rectifier_K_current" component_1="membrane"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_Kr" variable_1="i_Kr"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_Ks" variable_1="i_Ks"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="background_currents" component_1="membrane"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_B_Na" variable_1="i_B_Na"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_B_Ca" variable_1="i_B_Ca"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_B_Cl" variable_1="i_B_Cl"/>
<map_variables variable_2="R" variable_1="R"/>
<map_variables variable_2="T" variable_1="T"/>
<map_variables variable_2="F" variable_1="F"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="sodium_potassium_pump" component_1="membrane"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_p" variable_1="i_p"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="sarcolemmal_calcium_pump_current" component_1="membrane"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_CaP" variable_1="i_CaP"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="Na_Ca_ion_exchanger_current" component_1="membrane"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_NaCa" variable_1="i_NaCa"/>
<map_variables variable_2="R" variable_1="R"/>
<map_variables variable_2="T" variable_1="T"/>
<map_variables variable_2="F" variable_1="F"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="intracellular_ion_concentrations" component_1="membrane"/>
<map_variables variable_2="F" variable_1="F"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="Ca_handling_by_the_SR" component_1="membrane"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
<map_variables variable_2="F" variable_1="F"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="intracellular_ion_concentrations" component_1="sodium_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_Na" variable_1="i_Na"/>
<map_variables variable_2="Na_i" variable_1="Na_i"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="background_currents" component_1="sodium_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="E_Na" variable_1="E_Na"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="cleft_space_ion_concentrations" component_1="sodium_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="Na_c" variable_1="Na_c"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="intracellular_ion_concentrations" component_1="L_type_Ca_channel"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_Ca_L" variable_1="i_Ca_L"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="intracellular_ion_concentrations" component_1="T_type_Ca_channel"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_Ca_T" variable_1="i_Ca_T"/>
</connection>
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